continuous product

cover broad expanse

90% of carpets today made of this fiber

absorb little water

stain stays on surface

good abraison resistance

lightest comercial fiber

good soil and water resistant

feels like wool 

low soiling rate

high static resistant

excellent abraision resistance and color fastness

ideal standard

good soil resistant

natural flame resistant

not as easy to clean as nylon

used in carpets

used in rugs 

absorbs moisture

coarse heavy duty

used in rugs and carpets

construction methods

refers to carpet manufacturing process

tufting

weaving

fusion bonding

knitted

hand tufted

needle punched

broadloom often made this way

also some carpet tiles

pile is injected onto primary backing then backed w/ add material 

cheaper and faster production than woven

machine made

easy to install

90% of carpets

primary backing is woven or non woven

material where tufts are inserted loops held in place with latex adhesive

2nd backing = stability/strength made of jute or polyproylene

tufted carpet

amount of pile yarn in an area of carpet fface determined by # size tufts 

tufted carpet 

spacing of tutfing needles across the width of the carpet

number of tufts in the length of the carpet

standard 12 ft

thermoplastic process dev. by milken

yarns attached to backing by adhesion 

adhesive applied first then yarns implanted

parallel backing with yarns are cut down middle to make pile

carpet tiles

dimensionaly stable

acess to floorin g

easy to replace when stained or warn 

moisture barrier prvents spills from penetrating 

in fusion bounded carpet

amount of pile yarn in an area of the carpet determined by number/ size of tufts 

fuision bounded carpet

like gauge

number of yarns width

fusion bounded carpet

like stitches

number of tufts length

traditional method

pile/ backing are integrated dur process

dimensionally stable

<2 % of carpet in us 

primarily used in hospitality

made on looms but w/o jacquard mechanism 

wide range of pattern snd colors

produces solid color carpets

very soft and plush

limited to 5 yarn changes in color

thich dificult to roll up

desired color yarn only brought to the surface when required by the pattern 

used for hotel halls and rooms

colors and patterns limitless

colored yarns insterted individually as they are required

high end residential and hospitality

woven carpet

like guage num of yarns across 27 in width of carpet

woven carpet

 like stitches num of ends per inch down length

insert tufts one at a time w/ a gun

cotton canvas backing

made by hand not in parallel rows

wood = most common fiber

back sequired with latex

surface finshed by hand sculpted w/ sheers

unlimited number of yarns, colors, patterns

cut

level loop

cut loop

random tip sheared

velvet or plush

saxony

mutilevel loop

frieze

turkis knot 

oriental persion knot

gen term for rugs from iran turkey india china and turkestan

materials wool silk and cotton

name refers to the region

traditional patterns

pile weight x 36 / pile height

average pile density weight of pile yarn in carpet face

important factor for the wear installationkm  

properties that can be evaluated by the naked eye or with a microscope

ex. length diameter, color, shape, covering power, hand, drape, luster, etc 

the properties that are determined in the lab

abraision resistnace

dimensional stablilty

elastic recovery

elongation

flexibility

resillience 

density

determines how the fiber will react when exposed to substances used in production and cleaning 

absorbency

wicking

electrical conductivity

cheical reactivity

heat conductivity

flamability

enviornmental conditions  that affect textiles

climate 

microorganisms

insects

sun

come from plants 

animals

mineral sources

artifically made in lab 

derived from natural or syntheic materials

very short usally measure in centimeteres or inches 

all natural fibers

except silk

long continuous form 

usually measure in meters or yards

all synthetc are filament

but can also be cut into staple

usually stronger than staple

(longer word)

natural fibers

plants

seed fibers - cotton, kapok, coir

bast fibers- hemp, jute, flax, ramie

leaf fibers- abaca, raffia, sisal, pina

others-bamboo, rattan, cane 

metals

asbestos

gold

silver

animal by product

silk

wool

specialty - alpaca, cashmere, camel, llama, mohair

fur- angora, beaver, chinchilla, fox, mink, sable

plummage - feathers

rubber

man made to represent cellulosic

regenerated cellulosics rayon lycocell

derivative cellulostics acetate, triacetate

regenerated protien fibers - alzon

manufactured fiber

carbon

fluoropoluymer

lastrile

novoloid

polybenzimadole

saran

acrylic

aramid

modacrylic

nylon

olefin

polyester

spandex

metalic

glass

ceramic

natural cellulosic fiber

fiber from the seed of a cotton plant

grown in temperate to hot climate w/ adequate rainfall/ irregation

soft and comfortable

staple length .5"-2"

great absobitive quality - rich colors 

relatively resistant to abraison and sunlight 

releases  soil easy

 renweable source 

biodegradable

extensive use of fertilizers and insecticies

uses lg quanites of water an denergy and chemicals to clean / finish fibers

water intesnive crop  requires around 20 in of rain per year.

envionrmental friendly no pesticides or fertilizers land where organic practices have been in use for at least 3 yrs

comes from the flax plant

bast fibers come from the outer dege of the stem

smooth crisp and hard but not brittle

vulnerable to abraison and wrinkle prone

dense fiber 

color is not saturated when died

naturally tan/ gray color - can be bleached

resistant alkalis, solvents and high temps

can be dry cleaned or machine washed

retting

linen process 

unusable pulpy parts rott away

stiff parallel fibers are extracted bia dry or wet via chmical or bacterial

grass- woven for mats and wall covering

pina- beddings drapery

abaca banana fam- wall covers rope mats

sisal- floor covers, carpets, mats

raffia- wall covers

bamboo- beddings

rattan- furniture

cane-window blinds and screens

prevalant protein fiber from sheep and other animals staple fiber

fibers are naturally crimp wavy springy resilient and durable

oily in character

soil-resistant and easily cleanable

flame resistant thermal retention

absorbs moisture w/o feeling wet

tweed, flannel, melton

unused scrap fiber 

and fabric accumulated

washing the wool to remove grease, sand, dirt, and grime, by product is lanolin grease used for creams soaps and cosmetics

produced from pashmina goat found in china india nepal and new zeland 

innercoat down fibers are soft buttery warm and nice draping quality

more chemically sensitive than wool

used for beddings blankets and scarves

pashmina is from northern india kashmir pakistan 

llama and alpaca of camel family of south america

alpaca fibers are soft fine and lustrous llama fibers are coarser

dif to dye compared to other specialty wools often natural colors

angora wool 

produced from anfora rabbit europe china chillie us

fiber is fine fluffy soft and slippery does not take dye well 

silk is harvested from cocoons of moths  

each cocoon prodcues only about 1,000 yards of fiber

filament fiver elegant sheen rich luster vibrant colors when dyed

labor intensive production

wild moths east oak leaves producing brownish wild silk

cultivated moths eat mulberry leaves prouce white silk 

from wilk silkworms fiber colored yellow, orange, or brown

coarser darker than wild silk

cannot be bleached

only natural filament fiber 

very fine unique natural luster

good moisture absoption

natually supple good draping qualities

high stretch abraision resistant but sensitive to fading and uv

moderate resistnace to wrinkling

sythetic fibers attempt to approximate silk, blends well w/ some synthetics ( rayon, polyester)

70 % of texitle sused in the u.x.  

percentage of use 

48- apparel

40 furnishing

90- floor covering

91- industry

prop can be tailerd to needs

blending of natural an dmunfactured - possible

regenerated cellulosics- rayon lycell

derivative cellulosics - acetate triacetate

regenerated protein - azion

carbon

fluoropolymer

lastrille 

novoloid

polybenzimadole

saran

synthetic

acrylic

aramid

modacrylic

nylon

olefin

polyester

spandex

glass

metallic

ceramic

polymeres- long chain molecule is melted and forced thru spinneret

cool air solidified melted polymer into filaments

simpler process and less expensive

high speed spinning 

21,000 yards per min. 

ex. nylon, olefin, polyester, saran, glass

polymer is dissoved in solvent

mixture exturded into atmosphere of warm air

warm air evaporates solvent and hardens the filaments

solvent can be recyled

cross sec usually irregular 

acetates, acrylics 

chemical bath

extruded in another chmeical bath

hardens polymers into filaments

rayon acrylic spandex

manufactured fibers made from natural materials

rayon and acetate come form wood pulp

natural materials are chemically altered to produce derivate cellulose

filament or staple

lyocell 

dry spinning

luxurious feel appearance

wide range of colors luster

excelent draping softnesss

fast drying 

shrink wrinkle and moth resistant

problem gasfastness

heat sensitive 

used for apparels cigaretts

fist man made fiber dev

artifical silk

maj source of rayon from wood pulp cotton 

wet spinning

can resmble cotton linene wool or silk 

highly absorbent soft comfortable good drape shrink resistant

easy to dye

poor abrasion and dimensional stability low streght 

usually dry cleaned

upholstery slipcovers

bamboo fiber - like rayon

corn based 

soy based

milk based 

chemically synthesized fibers

acrylic polyester nylon - crude oil

durable dries quickly reistant to chemical and abrasion easy to clean hypolegergenic resistant to moth an dmildew

disadvantages- heat sensitive, static cling, uncofortable in warm humid conditons 

first synthetic fiber - dev us

melt process

womens hosiery 

machine washale and durable sheer material

strong lustrous resilient elastic

abrasion resistant

low moisture absorbency

light weight warm

problems - static build up  comfort uv protection

carpets curatins upholstery

polyester

synthetic fibers

melt process

high tensile stregth

resistant to stretchign and shrinking

resistant to most chemicals

quick drying easily washed

wrinkle mildew and abrasion res.

carpets curtains 

synthetic material

dry spinngin

outstanding moisture wicking and quick drying

flexible aesthetics - look like wool cotton

easily washed retains shape

res. to moths oil an dchem. 

dyeable to bright shades 

escellent fastness- doesnt fade wear in washing

sup. res. to uv. 

 inorganic fiber

melt process

extruded from molten glass into filament 

fireproof barrier

stiff undeyable splinters when cut

interlining b/t cusions and outside cover for uphostery/ bedding 

heat sheilds and suits

from natural mateials such as sap from rubber tree synthetic

coat fabric as a finish

back for machine made rugs 

synthetic 

wet spinning

first manufactured elastic fiber 

strong elasti c stregth

resistatnt to degradation compared to rubber

accpts dye well

res to body oils perspiration and cosmetics

usually combine with other fibers

manufactured synthetcis

high temp and flame res

upholstery carpet

high stiffness

high cost

manufactured syn

resilient abrasion res

high flam res

used for hosp. schools

syn. 

melt process

polypropylene

high abrasion res

low static elecrcicity 

moisture and chem res.

used for carpeting

lightest textile fiber

easy to recylce

palnt - cotton, flax 

animal- silk wool 

generic term for continous strands of textile fibers filaments or material in a form suitable for weaving knitting 

woven to create raised ribs gen in filling direction

subject to abraision

t/ or more yarns in warp direction interlaced with one or mare yarns in filling direction 

looks flat prob with snaggin adn abraision 

pattern of interlacing that create diagonal ridges

can be very durable due to thread count

low thread count causes prob with snagging

warp and filling yarns float over four or more yarns from the oppl direction to form smoth surface

lustrous long floats subj to slippage and abrasion

an extra set of warp or filling yarns are woven in to give a threee dimesnional fabric 

cut or un cut 

surface yarns punched into a ground cloth to form a pile structure can be cut or uncut 

most carpet done this way

durability depends on adhesive den

cured/ cleaned/ tanned/colored and finished

expensive

full grain- natural markings not altered

top grain minor corrections

abrasion res. non flammable fewer  water born stains

dis. cost can crack stain comfort

color added to fiber spinning solution manufactured fibers only

pure hole way thru

stain or fade

less color opitons

typically a liner used b/t upholstery and the filling 

below that prevents spread of flame smoldreing heat back coating can be a heat barrier

flamability test 

25 ft corridor material mounted on ceiling used to assess flame spread and smoke generation 

design to simulate exposure of a floor covering to a sm source of ignition tablet place din the mid of carpet char length is measured