Term
| What are the two main WHO disease classifications? |
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Definition
| Type 1 infectious diseases and type 2 non-communicable diseases. |
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Term
| What are the four levels of diagnostic sophistication? |
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Definition
| Pathoetiologic, pathophysiologic, symptomatic, and syndromic. |
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Term
| What are four approaches health diagnosticians distinguish between the normal and the abnormal? |
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Definition
| Statistical, clinical, prognostic and operational. |
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Term
| What are the four defining characteristics of cancer? |
|
Definition
| Clonality, autonomy, anaplasia, and metastasis. |
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Term
| What are four types of cancer and in which type of tissue does each originate? |
|
Definition
- Carcinomas from epithealial tissue
- Sarcomas from supporting tissue
- Lymphomas from immune tissue
- Leukemias from leukocytes
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Term
| What are the three stages in the three-stage model of malignant transformation? |
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Definition
| Initiation, promotion and progression. |
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Term
| What are the two types of cancer genes? |
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Definition
| Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. |
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Term
| Which types of cancer gene generally requires a mutation before it can act as a cancer gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cancer gene can generally not be inherited? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are three types of bias that can affect a screening program? |
|
Definition
| Screening bias, lead-time bias, and length bias. |
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Term
| According to WHO, what are the five criteria of screening programs? |
|
Definition
- The disease has a high morbidity or mortality
- the natural history of the disease is appropriate
- the screening test is appropriate
- early intervention leads to a positive outcome
- the benefits of the screening program exeed the risks
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|
|
Term
| What are the four requirements of an appropriate screening test? |
|
Definition
- High compliance
- High sensitivity
- High specificity
- Cost effectiveness
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