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Definition
| a global network of interconnected computers that communicate freely and share and exchange information |
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| Reduced information to a binary code and in this form information could be stored and manipulated. |
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| code made up of ones and zeros |
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| common communication rules |
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| first "full service" electronic computer. Introduced by Mauchly and Eckert at U of Pennsylvania in 1946 |
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| First successful commercial computer in 1951 |
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| computers linking individual personal computer users to the Internet |
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| mainframe and minicomputers employed terminals |
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Definition
| these stations at which users worked were connected to larger, centralized machines |
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| Personal or microcomputers (PCs) |
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Definition
| When the semiconductor replaced the vacuum tube as the essential information processor in computers, its tiny size, absence of heat, and low cost made possible the design and production of these. |
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| the software that tells a computer how to work. People no longer needed to know sophisticated operating language to work them. |
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| advanced sound and image applications |
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| the idea that the new communication technologies will permit people to become increasingly involved in one another's lives |
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| big groups of people who pre-plan to go to a destination to protest. started with moveon.org |
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| filtering software you can adjust so to filter what your child sees on the internet |
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| libel and slander on the internet that gets shared though it isn't true. can ruin reputations fast. |
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| instances in which copyrighted material may be used without permission or payment, such as taking brief quotes from a book. |
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| the massive collection and distillation of consumer data |
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| opt-in companies have to get consumers permission before they sold or disseminate their info, rather than having them opt-out |
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| another form of dataveillance. the electronic tracking of the choices we make when we are on the web |
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| an identifying code added to a computers harddrive by a visited website |
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| identifying code placed on a computer by a website without permission or notification |
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| the widening disparity between the communication technology haves and have-nots |
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| the lack of technology access among people of color, the poor, the disabled, and those in rural communities |
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| those without technology will have diminished access to the info it makes available |
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| growing differences in knowledge, civic activity, and literacy between better-informed and less-informed americans |
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Definition
freedom to access content
freedom to use applications
freedom to attach personal devices
freedom to obtain service plan information
nondiscrimination |
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| charging users "by the byte" |
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| slang for someone in Public Relations |
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| fake grassroots organization |
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| an event staged specifically to attract public attention |
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| Four stages of Public Relations: |
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Definition
| Early public relations, the propaganda-publicity stage, early two-way communication, and advanced two-way communication |
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Definition
advances in technology
growth of the middle class
growth of organizations
better research tools
professionalization |
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Definition
| any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea |
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| PR interact with 7 categories of publics: |
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Definition
employees-lifeblood/family
stockholders-own corporation
communities-organization has neighbors
media-goodwill between media
government-voice of the people
investment community-build image for
customers-goodwill is invaluable |
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Term
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Definition
| the firm performs a specific set of services set of services for a client for a prearranged fee |
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Definition
| adding a surcharge as high as 17.65% for handling, printing, research, and photographs. |
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| PR 14 interrelated services |
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Definition
1. community relations
2. counseling
3. development/fundraising
4. employee/member relations
5. financial relations
6. government affairs
7. industry relations
8. issues management
9. media relations
10. marketing communication
11. minority relations/multicultural affairs
12. public affairs
13. special events and public participation
14. research |
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Definition
| spreading awareness through social media agents |
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Definition
| directly interacting to influence elected officials or government regulators and agents |
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Definition
| small groups of a targeted public are interviewed and provide the PR operation and its client feedback |
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Definition
| countering the public relations efforts aimed at clients by environmentalists |
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Term
| video news releases (VNRs) |
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Definition
| preproduced reports about a client or its products distributed free of charge to television stations |
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| satellite delivered media tour |
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Definition
| spokepeople can be simultaneously interviewed by a worldwide audience connected to the on screen interviewee via telephone |
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Term
| integrated marketing communications (IMC) |
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Definition
| actively combine PR, marketing, advertising, and promotion functions into a seamless communication campaign that can be on the web and tv and look right. |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy that relies on targeting specific internet users with a given communication and relying on them to spread the word through their media filter choice. |
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| demand that PR adopt the position of full disclosure and openness for info. |
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Term
| ambient advertising/360 marketing |
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Definition
| more and more ads in more and more places |
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Definition
| people accepting ads and being ignorant to it's pervasiveness into our lives |
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Definition
| one second commercials between songs on the radio |
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Definition
| pinup want ads for all sorts of products and services |
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Definition
| attractive, artful business cards |
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| unique selling proposition (USP) |
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Definition
| highlighting the aspect of the product that sets it apart from other brands in the same product category |
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Definition
| most brands in a given product are essentially the same. |
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Definition
| advertising must attract Attention, create Interest, stimulate Desire, and promote Action |
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Definition
| a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in ourselves but in the products with which we surround ourselves |
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Definition
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Definition
| the cost of reaching a thousand audience members |
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Definition
| advertisers can receive this if they are deemed to be using deceptive or unethical procedures and it has to be stopped |
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Term
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Definition
| new set of ads must be produced by the offender that corrects the original misleading order. |
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Term
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Definition
| the "little lie" that makes advertising a little more entertaining |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring the effectiveness of advertising messages by showing them to consumers |
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Definition
| product shown in actual size against neutral background |
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Definition
| people for copy testing considered to be representative of the target audience |
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Definition
| bring consumers to theater with promise of reward to see new tv show and commercials and comment on them |
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Definition
| people asked, when they've seem a specific program, about ads and what they remember |
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Term
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Definition
| people asked what broadcast or print ads they most easily remember |
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Term
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Definition
| not directly asking them what ads they remember, but rather, "what brands of ___ can you name?" |
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Definition
| advertising sold next to or in search results |
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Term
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Definition
| using internet-created databases to collect info about likely clients or customers |
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Term
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Definition
| sophisticated, interactive web advertising, usually employing sound and video |
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Term
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Definition
| web pages brought to you by |
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Term
| return on investment (ROI) |
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Definition
| an accountability-based measurement of advertising success |
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Term
| performance based advertising |
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Definition
| the website carrying the ad only gets paid when the customer takes a specific action |
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Term
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Definition
| how the effectiveness of a specific ad or campaign will be judged |
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Term
| value compensation programs |
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Definition
| all or at least the significant part if the payment of an agencys fees is predicted on meeting pre-established goals |
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Term
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Definition
| new idea of relationship between consumer and advertiser where they work like partners and share info for mutual benefit |
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Definition
| consumers who reject traditional advertising and use multiple sources |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of appealing to audiences defined by by personal and social characteristics like gender, race, economic level |
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Term
| psychographic segmentation |
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Definition
| appealing to consumer groups that share common interests, styles, attitudes, values |
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Definition
| a psychographic segmentation strategy that classifies consumers according to values and lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
| children seeing tv can't distinguish real from unreal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| media have relatively few direct effects at the personal level |
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Definition
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Definition
| asks questions about the immediate, observable influence of mass communication. |
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Definition
| asking larger questions about what kind of nation are we building, and people we're becoming |
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Term
| transmissional perspective |
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Definition
| sees media as senders on information for the purpose of control; either media have effects on our behavior or they don't |
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Term
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Definition
| views media not as a means of transmitting messages in space but as central to the maintenance of society in time |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that peoples ideas of themselves, their world, and their place in it are shaped and maintained primarily through television |
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Term
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Definition
| our attitudes toward an object shape our behavior around it |
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Term
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Definition
| explain or predict specific, limited aspects of the mass communication process |
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Term
| mass communication ideas: |
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Definition
-no one mass communication theory
-mass communication theories are often borrowed from other fields of science
-mass communication theories are human constructions
-mass communication theories are dynamic |
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Term
| mass comm open to evolving ideas for 3 reasons: |
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Definition
1. advances in technology or the introduction of new media
2. calls for control or regulation
3. democracy and social pluralism |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that "average" people are defenseless against their influence |
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Term
| hypodermic needle theory/magic bullet theory |
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Definition
| media are a dangerous drug or killing force against which average people are defenseless |
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Definition
| mass society theory is an example of this. one designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon |
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Definition
| media influence limited by individual differences like intelligence and education, social categories like religion and political affiliation, and personal relationships like friends and family. |
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Definition
| media passes from opinion leaders then spreads to all their opinion followers |
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Term
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Definition
| people who initially consumed media content on topics of particular interests to them, interpreted it in light of their values and beliefs, and passed it on |
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Definition
| people like them who had less frequent contact with media |
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Term
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Definition
| when confronted by new or conflicting information people experience a kind of mental discomfort, a dissonance |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes we use to limit discomfort of the dissonance theory |
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Term
| selective exposure/attention |
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Definition
| people expose themselves only to or attend to only those messages that are consistent with their preexisting beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| people remember best and longest those messages that are consistent with their beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| people will interpret messages in a manner consistent with their beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| the selective processes form the core of this |
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| uses and gratifications approach |
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Definition
| media don't do things to people, people do things with media |
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Definition
| media may not tell us what to think, but it tells us what to think about |
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Term
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Definition
| in out complex and changing society, people become increasingly dependent on media and media content to understand what is going on around them, to learn to behave meaningfully, and for escape. |
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Definition
| the idea people learn through observation. model what they see. |
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Definition
| copying. two ways in social cognitive theory |
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Definition
| the direct replication of an observed behavior |
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Definition
| a special form of imitation in which observers dont copy exactly what they might have seen but make a more generalized by related response |
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Definition
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Definition
| seeing a model punished for a behavior reduces the likelihood the observer will do that action |
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Definition
| seeing a model rewarded for prohibited or threatening behavior increases likelihood of observer to do it. |
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Definition
| the idea that media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people. rooted in neo-marxism theory |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that people were oppressed by those who owned the factories and land (base). Now people are oppressed by those who control the culture (superstructure) religion, arts, politics, mass media, etc |
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Definition
| valued serious art and saw consumption of art as a means to elevate all people toward a better life |
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Definition
| was about class differences, now focused on feminist research and pop culture |
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Definition
| the study of how economic and other influences on the way the news is produced distort and bias news coverage toward those in power |
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Term
| 4 common news production conventions to bolster those in power: |
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Definition
1. personalized news
2. dramatized news
3. fragmented news
4. normalized news |
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Term
| meaning making perspective |
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Definition
| the idea that active audience members use media content to create meaning, and meaningful experiences for themselves. |
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Definition
| people give things meaning, and that meaning controls their behavior |
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Definition
| perceiving products as symbols that have meaning beyond their the products actual function. cadillac=success |
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| social construction of reality |
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Definition
| people who share a culture share meaning. stop signs |
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Definition
| things that have objective meanings |
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Definition
| things that have subjective meanings |
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| collections of meanings assigned to some phenomenon or situation |
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Definition
| moving individual and different people toward a shared, television-created understanding of how things are |
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Term
| cultivation analysis is based off 5 assumptions; |
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Definition
1. television is essentially and fundamentally different from other mass media
2. television is the central cultural arm of us society
3. the realities cultivated by television are not necessarily specific attitudes and opinions but rather more basic assumptions about the facts of life
4. the major cultural function of television is to stabilize social patterns
5. the observable, measurable, independent contributions of television to the culture are relatively small |
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Definition
| a direct causal relationship between violent content and aggressive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that media portrayals can suggest that certain classes of people like women and foreigners are acceptable targets for real-world aggression |
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Definition
| the idea that watching violence in the media reduces peoples innate aggressive drive |
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Definition
| the idea that observed reinforcement operates in the same manner as actual reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that real world incentives can lead observers to ignore the negative vicarious reinforcement they have learned to associate with a given behavior |
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Definition
| less trusting of our neighbors and more accepting of violence in our midst |
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Definition
| the application of a standardized image or concept to members of certain groups based on limited information |
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Definition
| the philosophy that people cannot govern themselves in a democracy unless they have access to the information they need for that governance |
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Definition
two main points: the free flow or trade of ideas serves to ensure that public discourse will allow the truth to emerge and
truth will emerge from public discourse because people are inherently and rationally good |
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Definition
| freedom of speech is definite and nothing they say is illegal |
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Term
| ad hoc balancing of interests |
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Definition
| in individual first amendment cases several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted |
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Definition
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| report is protected from being libel/slander if it fall under: |
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Definition
1. being true
2. privilege
3. fair comment |
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Definition
| knowledge of its falsity or reckless disregard for whether or not it is true |
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| power of the government to prevent publication |
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Term
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Definition
not protected. roth v. united states.
miller v. state of california. |
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Term
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Definition
| protected. jacobellis v. ohio. ginzburg v. united states |
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Term
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Definition
| depicts sexual or excretory activities in a way that is offensive to contemporary community standards |
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Definition
| controls who and whats on the road. national broadcasting co. v. united states |
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Definition
| required broadcasters to cover issues of public importance and to be fair in that coverage |
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Term
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Definition
| required broadcasters to ascertain or actively and affirmatively determine the nature of their audiences' interest, convenience, and necessity |
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Definition
| identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression |
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Term
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Definition
| once copyright expires, material goes into this where it can be used without permission |
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Definition
| American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) and Broadcast Music Inc. (BMI). Both collect fees based on the users gross receipts and distribute money to songwriters and artists. |
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| digital rights management (DRM) |
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Definition
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Definition
| explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values |
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| social responsibility theory |
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Definition
| media must remain free of government control, but in turn media must serve the public |
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Term
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Definition
| rules of behavior or moral principles that guide our actions in given situations |
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Definition
| fundamental cultural values |
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Definition
| more or less generalized theories, rules, and principles of ethical or moral behavior |
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Definition
| applying both rules big and specific |
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Definition
| the person making the decisions |
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Definition
| legislation that expressly protects reporters rights to maintain sources confidentiality in courts of law |
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Definition
| reporters accepting military control over their output in exchange for close contact with the troops |
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Definition
| reporters acting deferentially toward news sources in order to ensure continued access |
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Definition
| spell out standards for everyday operations |
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Definition
| identify company positions on specific issues |
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Definition
| internal "judges" who settle disputes between public and organization |
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Definition
| panels of people from both the media and the public who investigate complaints against the media from the public and publish their findings |
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Term
| self regulation of media has limitations: |
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Definition
-media professionals are reluctant to identify and censure colleagues who transgress.
-the standards for conduct and codes of behavior are abstract and ambiguous
-as opposed to those in other professions, media practitioners arent subject to standards of professional training and licensing.
-media practitioners often have lmited independent control over their work |
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Definition
| well suited for transmission over very long distances because of high freq. |
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Term
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Definition
| high frequencies easily reflecting off the ionosphere |
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Definition
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Definition
| antigovernment/antiregime radio. requently operated by revolutionary groups or intelligence agencies |
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Definition
| clandestine stations but within the regions to which they transmit |
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Definition
| opposing stations broadcasting into a region from another to influence those inside |
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| transmitting from outside region illegally for entertainment purposes |
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Definition
| braodcasting from home country to others. britain=bbc america=voa, rfe,rias,rl |
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Definition
| broadcast operations established by one country to substitute for anothers own domestic service |
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| comparative studies/analysis |
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Definition
| study of different countries' mass media systems |
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Definition
| amalgamation of the original libertarian and social responsibility models. recognizes two models: 1) there is no completely free/libertarian media system on earth, and 2) even most driven systems need government oversight to stay focused on public service |
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Term
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Definition
| commercial operations accept limits on the amount of advertising they air and agree to specified amounts of public affairs and documentary news programming in exchange for their licenses to broadcast |
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Definition
| prior restraint. its a notice that you need not publish that |
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Term
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Definition
| government and media work in partnership to assure that media assist in the planned, beneficial development of the country |
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Term
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Definition
four aims:
1)ending gov monopoly over info
2)facilitating the organization of opposition to the incumbent powers
3) destroying the legitimacy of standing gov
4) bringing down standing gov |
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Term
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Definition
| communism. subjugation of media for gov purposes |
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Definition
| the invasion of an indigenous peoples culture by powerful foreign countries through mass media |
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Definition
| endorsed by UNESCO called for an establishment of a New World Information Order NWIO |
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