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Mass Media
Mid-Term Review
110
Political Studies
Undergraduate 3
10/14/2013

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Examples of Mass Media?
Definition
Internet, Television, Newspapers, Film, and Radio.
Term
What is Mass Media used for?
Definition
It is used for mass communications and sometimes the organizations that control these technologies.
Term
What is old and new media?
Definition
Older media is considered newspaper, radio, and in some cases television. New media is considered internet.
Term
Examples of Mainstream and Alternative News?
Definition
Mainstream news is considered Fox News, CNN, Washington Post etc. Alternative News is considered Huffington Post and other smaller news organizations
Term
What is the Fourth Estate?
Definition
Is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to the news media; especially print journalism or "The Press"
Term
Why do we offer a course on the media in the political science department?
Definition
The reason is because the way people are informed politically are done through media outlets.
Term
What is the media's role in democracy?
Definition
The Media enables us to fulfill basic democracy and values such as: Access to information, democratic deliberation, checks and balances, equality, tolerance, and maintenance of these values.
Term
What are some other functions of the media?
Definition
They interpret the world for us. They socialize us. They organize current affairs for us through selection (agenda setting) and framing.
Term
What is public opinion?
Definition
General attitude of public: the general attitude or feeling of the public concerning an issue, especially when this has an effect on political decision-making
Term
Walter Lippmann
Definition
"Pictures in our heads", No direct experience, Interpretation & reporting function of the media is super important, Interpretation can go so far as shaping our experience.
Term
"To argue about the media today is almost inevitable to argue about politics." What does Paul Starr mean by this?
Definition
Starr argues that "conflicting views of the history of communications often reflect disagreements about democracy and its possibilities."
Term
Whose writing has implications for democratic theory and practice?
Definition
The writings by Lippman, Habermas, and Dewey all have implications for democratic theory and politics.
Term
How do Lippman, Habermas, and Dewey's ideas help us with Democratic theory and the media?
Definition
Lippman's, Haberman's, and Dewey's ideas all help us assess not only the quality of our democracy, but they offer a set of expectations we can use to assess how well the media are doing in fostering a healthy democracy.
Term
What is Participatory Democracy?
Definition
Individual participation by citizens in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, especially directly rather than through elected representatives.
Term
What is Deliberative Democracy?
Definition
Deliberative democracy, also sometimes called discursive democracy, is a term used by political theorists, e.g. Jon Elster or Jürgen Habermas, to refer to any system of political decisions based on some tradeoff of consensus decision making and representative democracy. In contrast to the traditional economics-based, rational choice theory of democracy, which emphasizes voting as the central institution in democracy, deliberative democracy theorists argue that legitimate lawmaking can only arise from the public deliberation of the citizenry.
Term
Walter Lippmann's view on journalism
Definition
A journalist's version of the truth is subjective and limited to how he constructs his reality. The news, therefore, is "imperfectly recorded" and too fragile to bear the changes as "an organ of direct democracy"
Term
Function of news according to Lippmann?
Definition
For Lippmann, the "function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make picture of reality on which men can act."
Term
What was Lippmann suspicious to in regards to models of democracy?
Definition
Lippmann was very suspicious of any model of democracy that placed faith and power in the hands of the public.
Term
According to Lippmann, what shaped public opinion?
Definition
Based on evidence about the effects of political propaganda and mass media to shape people's way of thinking. Lippmann contended that public opinion was shaped by leaders.
Term
Walter Lippmann's view on journalism
Definition
A journalist's version of the truth is subjective and limited to how he constructs his reality. The news, therefore, is "imperfectly recorded" and too fragile to bear the changes as "an organ of direct democracy"
Term
Function of news according to Lippmann?
Definition
For Lippmann, the "function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make picture of reality on which men can act."
Term
What was Lippmann suspicious to in regards to models of democracy?
Definition
Lippmann was very suspicious of any model of democracy that placed faith and power in the hands of the public.
Term
According to Lippmann, what shaped public opinion?
Definition
Based on evidence about the effects of political propaganda and mass media to shape people's way of thinking. Lippmann contended that public opinion was shaped by leaders.
Term
Lippmann argued that ordinary citizens had no sense of ________.
Definition
Objective reality
Term
According to Lippmann, citizens ideas are manipulated how?
Definition
Citizen's ideas are merely stereotypes manipulated at will by the people at the top. Hence deliberative democracy are an unworkable dogma or impossible dream.
Term
According to Lippmann what is the most feasible alternative?
Definition
In his view, the most feasible alternative would be a government where leaders are guided by experts whose objectives and disinterested knowledge go beyond the narrow views and the parochial self-interest of the average
Term
Lippmann's view on Participatory Democracy?
Definition
He argued that participatory democracy was unworkable and that the democratic public was a myth. Hence governance should be delegated exclusively to political representatives and their expert advisors.
Term
What is the media's role?
Definition
It is to flow information to the people.
Term
According to Dewey, what did democracy involve?
Definition
Democracy involves the expression of interests on the part of voters.
Term
According to Dewey, what does the vote help?
Definition
The vote helps to protect individuals from putative experts about where the interests of people lie.
Term
What is the meaning of "public"?
Definition
It is the opposite of private. "Public" is something that is open to all but also something that is good for all ie public beach.
Term
Emergence of "public" with early finance and trade capitalism;
Definition
The emergence of a bourgeois society and a new social order. (Rule of nobility replaced by the rule of a new class of citizens who had money).
Term
Dewey, why was the new class able to be created?
Definition
This new class in part made possible because of the sharing of news and information (Trade merchants needed good information)
Term
Dewey, Economic activity took place outside of the private household
Definition
became for public interest
Term
Early newspaper and other publications served to provide surveillance of the courts, nobility
Definition
To establish a "public authority" and forced rulers to confront "public opinion"
Term
Habermas, What is the public sphere?
Definition
The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that a discussion influence political action.
Term
Habermas, Public Sphere detailed?
Definition
It is a "discursive space in which individuals and groups congregate to discuss matters of mutual interest and, where possible, to reach a common judgment."
Term
Habermas, How can the Public Sphere be seen as?
Definition
The public sphere can be seen as "a theater in modern societies in which political participation is enacted through the medium of talk" and "a realm of social life in which public opinion can be formed".
Term
What kind of press does a Habermasian public sphere require?
Definition
The bourgeois public sphere. It may be conceived above all as the sphere of private people come together as a public; they soon claimed the public sphere regulated from above against the public authorities themselves, to engage them in a debate over the general rules governing relations in the basically privatized but publicly relevant sphere of commodity exchange and social labor
Term
What are the three actors that equal Market Response?
Definition
The state, technology, and the audience
Term
Williams and Carpini on Gatekeeping
Definition
Gatekeeping process is largely invisible...(accepted)...as natural and unproblematic"
Term
What is a genre?
Definition
1.category of artistic works: one of the categories, based on form, style, or subject matter, into which artistic works of all kinds can be divided.
Term
What were the early papers like?
Definition
"up to the reader to sort through claims and counter claims" (p.24)
Term
What happens when hegemony of elite news brokers are threatened?
Definition
Whenever hegemony of elite news brokers are threatened, intense debates over the nature of news occur." (p.39)
Term
What needs to be done in order to critique and study press?
Definition
We need to standards we can use to evaluate what the media are doing. These standards do not appear out of thin air. They are deeply connected to our social, economic and political system.
Term
New York Times provides us with?
Definition
Facts, Balance, and Establishes relevance/signals importance of an event
Term
The role of media in democracy are to help us fulfill basic values that are important in a democracy by:
Definition
Providing access to information
Enabling democratic deliberation
Contributing to checks and balances
Supporting equality and tolerance
Maintaining those values
Term
Minimalist Democracy
Definition
Competitive, analogous to market. Negative liberty. Media struggles for viewers (like pol. struggles for votes) (monopolies ok). Rational ignorance; leave politics to the "experts"
Term
Deliberative or Discursive Democracy
Definition
"Government by discussion" (deliberative vs. aggregate/majoritarian). Focus on the public good. No requirement of equality/constant participation (admirable; not realistic). Gov't legitimacy b/c political decisions are subjected to scrutiny by some. Thinkers: Mill, Dewey, Habermas. Many radical democrats also invoke the ideal of deliberation.
Term
Core functions of news
Definition
Policy, power, ideology, and self-interest.
Term
Entman distinguishes between...
Definition
Traditional, advocacy, and tabloid journalism
Term
How do people make political decisions?
Definition
The role of affect and rationality.
Term
Example of the role of affect and rational in making political decisions?
Definition
Wanting to "be part of history" Part affect/part rational
Term
Example of the role of rationality in making political decisions?
Definition
Cultural issues (Issue voting). It is mostly rational. A person that would calculate and weigh all options carefully would be considered rational.
Term
Example of the role of affect in making political decisions?
Definition
"I just like the guy" (or "I hate the other one") "Go with the gut"
Term
How does information translate into opinion?
Definition
Research shows people do not hold sound opinions. It's rational not to be rational! Opinions must be of benefit somehow to those who hold them.
Term
Political Knowledge
Definition
People do not know that much. The news can help inform them. The medium matters.
Term
Information processing in two theories?
Definition
On-line model and Memory-based
Term
According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, what are most citizens?
Definition
Most citizens are generalists.
Term
According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, what is the primary source of knowledge?
Definition
Mass Media
Term
According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, what are some reasons of concern?
Definition
Omission! Shorter sound bites; newspapers compete with TV. Now the concern is TV is competing with Twitter? More entertainment and less fact-orientated
Term
According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, What should news organizations do?
Definition
News Organizations should take seriously the role informing, even educating citizens. Information should be more understandable, more relevant, and more frequent and more interesting. Few news organizations actually try to find out what their customers learn from the news.
Term
According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, We need more ______ _______ in the news
Definition
Science Research. Currently, much of what the press focuses on and how it presents information is determined not by a judgment of what citizens need to know but rather by institutional needs, bureaucratic routines, and other forces. Should provide information that promotes action/participation.
Term
Michael Schudson: What is the impact of the media on politics?
Definition
Not a simple answer. Political institutions and the media are so deeply intertwined in a complex "dance with each other"
Term
"The media do not define politics any more than political structures dictate news.
Definition
Parties, electoral systems, structures of political financing, and the work of interest groups are involved just as much as the news media are in shaping, organizing and setting the agenda of public discussion about politics." There has been a shift of media influence in political life in the U.S." "mediatization of politics"
Term
How come presidents are "Going public"?
Definition
Technology has made politics more immediate. Parties has declined. Senators are policy entrepreneurs. And the government are more present in one's daily life.
Term
Schudson, Homogenous Ideas
Definition
Sweden is so small there are fewer opinions that are different.
Term
Schudson, (A: Public Opinion)
Definition
"All that is required is to convince a small number of key intellectuals or media people as opposed to who?
Term
According to Schudson, _______ _________ _________ are often made in interaction with public opinion.
Definition
Foreign Policy Decisions
Term
Cohen: The US media imposes
Definition
A set of priorities and perspectives that are frequently different from the priorities and perspectives that would otherwise inform their [foreign-policy officials] judgment"
Term
Framing Effects
Definition
People are exquisitely sensitive to contextual cues when they make decisions, formulate judgments, or express opinions."
Term
What is a contextual cue that may profoundly influence decision outcomes?
Definition
"The manner in which a choice is "framed"
Term
Tankard, Hendrickson, Siberman, Bliss, and Ghanem (1991, p.3) have described a media frame as:
Definition
"The central organizing idea for news content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration.
Term
What is Framing?
Definition
Subtle alterations in the statement or presentation of judgment and choice problems.
Term
What is the effect of Framing?
Definition
Changes in decision outcomes resulting from alterations
Term
Examples of Framing?
Definition
Kahneman Tversky
Term
Kahneman and Tversky Definition of rationality
Definition
The definition of rationality has been much debated, but there is general agreement that rational choices should satisfy some elementary requirements of consistency and coherence.
Term
What is often times found on the assumption of human reality according to Kahneman and Tversky
Definition
Explanations and predictions of people's choices.
Term
Decision Problem
Definition
The acts or options among which to choose. The possible outcomes or consequences of these acts, and the contingencies or conditional probabilities that relate outcomes to act.
Term
What is episodic frame?
Definition
focuses on individuals to illustrate a bigger issue
*depicts concrete events to illustrate a general issues
-Tells a story about a little thing as a way of telling a story about a bigger thing
*EX: news coverage of poverty: interviewing individuals in poverty
Term
What is thematic frame?
Definition
*news coverage is presented in a general view
*present political issues and events in a general context
-Interview experts to find out the trends
EX: news coverage of poverty: Focus on general trends, charts, graphs, experts
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of episodic frame?
Definition
-larger audience because people can connect to people better than statistics, more advertising, more $$$
-Impact on Issue: REDUCED because people are going to watch it and think Barbara should get her act together
Term
What is the "Magic Bullet Theory"
Definition
is a model of communications suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver.
Term
What is priming?
Definition
It supplies a weight to the evaluation. For example, The economy is on the agenda ---> you will evaluate how the president did given the economy (b/c you think it is important).
Term
McCombs and Shaw suggested that media influence works like this:
Definition
1. Media provokes awareness
2. Provides a body of information
3. This information is the basis for people's attitude formation.
4. This attitude in turn shapes behavior. McCombs and Shaw argued that previous research found "minimal effects" since they failed to address 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Term
What is the Chapel Hill Study?
Definition
Small and simple study. Exploratory.
Term
What was the objective of the Chapel Hill Study?
Definition
To see whether there were any grounds for assuming an agenda-setting function for mass media
Term
How was the Chapel Hill Study conducted?
Definition
By comparing voters' beliefs about the presidential campaign with media content.
Term
What was the method used in the Chapel Hill Study?
Definition
A sample of voters in Chapel Hill told were and the researchers compared those to what the media reported the key issues were.
Term
What were the findings in the Chapel Hill Study?
Definition
Suggested that there was a .976 relationship between media content and what voters reported to be the key issues.
Term
In the follow-up study to Chapel Hill, Charlotte, what was the research objectives?
Definition
To refine the relationship between the variables. To increase understanding of information sources. Who were the most influenced by the media? Finally, when all the data was in what was the overall picture?
Term
What were the finding to the Charlotte study?
Definition
The importance that voters placed on certain issues in the presidential campaign was not related to their personal or partisan preference as much as it was a reflection of the salience given to issues by the media.
Term
What are Delli Carpini and Keeter concerned with?
Definition
Political Knowledge. Measurements, results, systematic inequality, suggestion to elevate knowledge (the media, the individual etc). Their central question is, How much knowledge is enough knowledge?
Term
Citizens do not need to be experts but
Definition
They need to know the "terms of the debate"
Term
Schudson, What is the impact of the media on politics?
Definition
Not a simple answer because Political institutions and the media are so deeply intertwined in a complex "dance with each other"
Term
Personality Theory
Definition
A branch of psychology concerned with developing a scientifically defensible model or view of human nature.
Term
Organization Theory
Definition
is the sociological study of formal social organizations, such as businesses and bureaucracies, and their interrelationship with the environment in which they operate.
Term
Role Theory
Definition
is a perspective in sociology and in social psychology that considers most of everyday activity to be the acting out of socially defined categories (e.g., mother, manager, teacher). Each social role is a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms and behaviours that a person has to face and fulfill. The model is based on the observation that people behave in a predictable way, and that an individual’s behavior is context specific, based on social position and other factors. The theatre is a metaphor often used to describe role theory.
Term
According to Schudson on the metaphor of gatekeeping
Definition
The metaphor of gatekeeper "individualizes a bureaucratic phenomenon and transforms organizational bias into individual subjectivity."
Term
Awesome Power
Definition
Small number of journalists have final say over story selection
Term
What are the effects of gatekeeping?
Definition
Distortion (crime). Neglect of social issue. Parochialism. Support for the establishment. Press output represents a small, unsystematic, and unrepresentative sample of the news.
Term
Fallows' Criteria
Definition
Perspective. Proper placement of events in time and historical context. Usefulness.
Term
Perspective
Definition
"What is urgent is not the same as what is important" Journalists timing is often arbitrary.
Term
Proper placement of events in time and historical context
Definition
The press should help us place in events in time by pointing out: efficacy
Term
Usefulness
Definition
Journalism should matter because it is useful not just an account of random events happening that keeps people confused.
Term
Fallows argues that there is ______ between the public and media
Definition
Friction
Term
Dewey vs. Lippmann. What is the debate between them as Fallows sees it?
Definition
The argument between Lippmann and Dewey is the basic argument about roles of government and the press.
Term
Agenda-Setting
Definition
The media takes a topic, they highlight those issues that they feel are important. They focus on when they want to focus on. It is set up by the language, particular words. Ex. Trickle Down Phrase
Term
Filter Bubble
Definition
is a result state in which a website algorithm selectively guesses what information a user would like to see based on information about the user (such as location, past click behaviour and search history) and, as a result, users become separated from information that disagrees with their viewpoints, effectively isolating them in their own cultural or ideological bubbles. Prime examples are Google's personalised search results and Facebook's personalised news stream.
Term
Advantages and Disadvantages to Thematic Framing
Definition
smaller audience, less advertising, less $$$
•Impact on Issue: LARGER, the viewers actually do something about it because they see it as an issue that should be addressed by society or the government, more likely to call their councilman, or speak with people in their church
***when issues are presented with thematic frames, people tend to think society or government should take part in coming up with a solution
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