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Mass Media Final
Mass Media
172
Communication
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2010

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Cards

Term
Mass Media Guides Behavior Individually
Definition
consciously and unconsciously
• Ex: Help us determine if should carry umbrella
• Guide us on how to behave
➢ Ex: how to act in relationship through relationships – how to be romantic
Term
Mass Media Guides our understandings Individually
Definition
• Perceptions of life
• Defines social structure or reality
➢ What does it mean to be a good or bad person?
• Mean world syndrome: the more TV you watch (especially violent TV), the more violent/ mean they believe the world to be
• Relationship with guide behavior because understandings influence our behavior
• Editorial function: the extent to which a media tries to shape our understanding
Term
Mean world syndrome
Definition
Part of how mass media guides understanding. The more TV you watch (especially violent TV), the more violent/ mean they believe the world to be
Term
Editorial function
Definition
Part of how mass media guides understandings. The extent to which a media tries to shape our understanding
Term
Mass Media Develops our self concept Individually
Definition
We identify we some characters in media and through identification helps them to develop self-concepts
• research shows that people pay more attention like-people
• role-models: both good and bad role models
➢ sex-role stereotyping and race stereotyping:
• looking at negative depictions of race minorities in mass media and the negative influence this can have
• sex-role: depictions of women are largely negative
Term
sex-role stereotyping and race stereotyping
Definition
Part of how mass media develops our self concept. Looking at negative depictions of race minorities in mass media and the negative influence this can have • sex-role: depictions of women are largely negative
Term
Mass Media is a Professional Tool Individually
Definition
• Everything from keeping up with field to giving professional guidance
Term
Mass Media Facilitate social interaction Individually
Definition
Give people things to talk about, common ground for conversations
• People come together though discussion sites, blogs, social networking sites which may result in real physical face-to-face interaction
Term
Mass Media is a Substitute for Social Interaction Individually
Definition
Gives indirect type of relationship, vicarious companionship
• Ex: doesn’t feel alone because watching TV
• News = most effective at fostering this feeling – say “good morning” to you
Term
Mass Media Aiding in emotional release Individually
Definition
• Helping us emotionally
• Very effective at changing your emotions when that’s what you want to do
➢ Want enjoyment so turn on TV
• Move from one emotional state to another
• Media is very affective at influencing people’s emotions
Term
Mass Media Ritualize our Lives Individually
Definition
Create sense of order/structure/ritual in your life
• Ex: wake up to clock radio at 6:30, eat breakfast at 7:30 while watch TV
• When depart from rituals can provoke anxiety
• Probably does this less than before because now people have more control over media
➢ Make media conform to our own schedules - DVR
Term
Mass Media is a Status conferral in Society
Definition
legitimize or confirm status a certain idea, social movement, person, etc is
Term
Mass Media in society Passes on Norms, Values, and traditions and enforces them
Definition
mass media sends us messages about what is right and wrong, equality, democracy
• Learn from fiction and non-fiction media
• Media enforces by presenting deviations from norms and showing negative results as a consequence
• Media upholds status quo norms and values of society
➢ Sometimes media itself criticizes itself because goes against norms – ex: rap music
➢ Gives people across whole country same norms –homogenizes
Term
homogenizes
Definition
Part of how mass media in society passes on norms. Gives people the same norms across the country.
Term
Mass Media in Society has a Narcotizing Effect
Definition
blunt the senses, distort the senses
• Mass media is a Negative function, become apathetic, mass media clutters our mind with cognitive junk (trivial)
Term
Mass Media in Society Serves as a Political System:
Definition
• Leaders use media to communicate with public and other leaders
• Informs people for democracy’s sakes
Term
Mass Media in Society serves as Social Cohesion/Community
Definition
• Provides base of common interest, focus, knowledge
• Seen most powerfully during times of crisis
➢ Ex: 9/11 – most people learned through mass media or learned from people who learned from mass media
➢ TV’s draw us together; reassurance comes from mass media
➢ When disaster strikes CNN will be there by providing familiar figures who are composed but yet troubled and suggests that someone is in charge → stability
• Water-cooler effect: talk about media the next morning in a diverse group
• Newspapers can bring local communities together – cohesion
• Some dispute because so many options: ex: TV now has cable so fractionalizing effect
➢ Even more so when look at internet
Term
Mass Media in Society Services the economy
Definition
• Media is filled with advertising
• Ads help make our capitalistic community prosper, provides jobs
• E-commerce is becoming more and more important
Term
Characterizations of The Book
Definition
characterized by specialized, influential, permanence, re-use, personal, complex/subtle, changes our lives, respected, and are markers
Term
Book: Influential
Definition
most long term
• Used to communicate our most important thoughts/stimulate change/educate
Term
Book: Permanence
Definition
throw away newspapers, and TV becomes outdated.
•Books are often stored for someone’s whole lifetime
•Storage of books is institutionalized in libraries
•Can last thousands of years – dead sea scroll
Term
Book: Re-use
Definition
Multiple people can read the same book
Term
Book: Personal
Definition
• Typically you sit alone while reading, read at your own pace, give own unique interpretation
• Can focus on parts that are most meaningful for you
• Can read quickly or slowly
• Authors can develop subject matter more than originators of any other mass media
Term
Book: Complex/Subtle
Definition
• Therefore can have greater impact on us
Term
Book: Changes our lives
Definition
• Gives us new ways of seeing world
• Change beliefs/values
Term
Book: Respect
Definition
• Books are associated with education
• Recorded interest of human kind
Term
Book: markers
Definition
• Markers of who we are, how we evolved
• Mark life stages as a person
• They are there as physical evidence of past
Term
Dime Novel
Definition
mass produced book that was more affordable for people
• Made book mass media
• Evaluated on popularity instead of literary value
Term
Why books became popular
Definition
book clubs, paper back books, organizational change, education
Term
Organizational Change in Books
Definition
book industry became big business and huge conglomerate interested in selling as many books as possible
Term
Education and its effect on Books
Definition
boom of education in America
• Direct strong powerful relationship between how many years of education someone has and the amount of books you read
• Books sold for educational purposes
Term
Understanding the Contemporary Book
Definition
• Books came from small bookstores → large bookstores (Barnes and nobles) → online (Amazon)
• Big discounters: Costco, Wal-Mart
• Fastest growing sector of books is used books
• Large companies pose a concern that there will be a loss of diversity because scared of losing profits
• But independent publishing houses are multiplying
Term
Books Online/eBooks
Definition
• Text being presented online
• Effects:
• has allowed authors an outlet for material that isn’t publishable material
• even if book out of print it can be available online
➢ global virtual library
• eBooks: creation of kindle has changed the game
➢ now outsells hardcover books on eBay
➢ apples ipad: multi media device
• vook: video accompanies the text; while reading can watch clips that have to do with the text
➢ reading a book is a physical thing: feeling, writing→ part of pleasure of reading books so electronics tries to make electronic reading more book like
➢ F-shaped pattern: readers online tend to read less and less of a line as they head down the page → much more skimming done
Term
Vooks
Definition
video accompanies the text; while reading can watch clips that have to do with the text
Term
Truth as Defense in Newspapers
Definition
➢ Purpose of spreading business info
• Eventually political pieces and then opinion pieces
• Colonial papers attacked the British monarchy
Definition: should be able to publish the truth no matter how harmful it is
• Criticize a government official as long as it is true
➢ Ex Short Answer Question: Explain what the precedent of Truth as defense was.
Term
Penny Press
Definition
one cent for a newspaper instead of 6 cents
➢ Made newspapers mass media –available to many people daily
➢ in order to attract readers let to development of news hunters -modern news reporter
Term
Newspaper Barons
Definition
tended to combine sound news coverage with sensationalistic elements (stunts (ex: journalist sent around the world in a hot air balloon), elements)
• owned multiple newspapers in multiple cities→ big business
Term
Yellow journalism
Definition
sensationalistic newspaper content
• crusades of reform: used to attack readers,
• made American society a better place
• led to new breed of reporter: muckrakers: seeks out and exposes misconduct in public life
• muckraking stories were effective: eliminated slums, created public parks
• drove up circulation
Term
crusades of reform
Definition
used to attack readers,
• made American society a better place
• led to new breed of reporter: muckrakers: seeks out and exposes misconduct in public life
• muckraking stories were effective: eliminated slums, created public parks
• drove up circulation
Term
muckrakers
Definition
new breed of reporter because of crusades of reform; seeks out and exposes misconduct in public life
• muckraking stories were effective: eliminated slums, created public parks
• drove up circulation
Term
Wire Services
Definition
organizations that go out and collect info and produce news stories that are available to members or sold
• Ex: Associated press
• Originally delivered stories over wires
• Inverted pyramid: especially used by smaller newspapers that don’t have means to investigate on their own
• Can be cut for space limitations
Term
Inverted Pyramid
Definition
especially used by smaller newspapers that don’t have means to investigate on their own
• Can be cut for space limitations
Term
Syndicated Features
Definition
some outside organization that provides content/makes content available which is purchased by newspaper
• Especially entertainment/opinion material (ex: cartoons, movie reviews, advice columns)
Term
Why newspapers aren't the fasted media
Definition
because of radio, TV (electronic media)
• Now only come out once a day (usually in the morning)
• Changed role – now more analysis, interpretation the news; longer and greater depth stories – stories not so good for electronic media
• Circulation of newspapers goes up significantly when a big event occurs (9/11)
• Newspapers have a better display than electronic (can view all headlines), have control over where spend time (selectivity) whereas with electronic you either listen or you don’t
• Different with internet now
• Local news: births, deaths, human interest stories, possibly threatened by chain ownership
Term
Local News
Definition
births, deaths, human interest stories, possibly threatened by chain ownership
Term
Three major issues with newspapers today
Definition
➢ Decline in advertising
➢ Decline in readership
• Especially younger readers
➢ How will newspapers interact with the internet
Term
Characteristics of Magazines
Definition
for elites, 1st medium to reach national audience on regular basis, specialized
Term
Five Cent Magazine
Definition
by end of 19th century had 5 cent magazine: brought media to masses
Term
Advertisers love Magazines because...
Definition
1. Specialized
2. people who read magazines are more likely to be wealthy
Term
Broadest ownership
Definition
➢ Magazines require released investment
➢ Have smallest budget to operate
Term
Selective Editing
Definition
publishers have ability to put different ads in different copies of magazines
Term
Zines
Definition
type of magazine; self-published magazines
➢ Tend to be quirky that only have a handful of readers
➢ Super specialized
➢ Rise of desktop publishing that created rise in zines → allowed anyone to publish
➢ Sometime very personal and autobiographical, people who feel they aren’t published in main stream media
Term
Why recording industry boomed
Definition
➢ interweaving of media helped as well: use of music on radio because TV took away news audience of radio
• Radio provided pre-exposure to product of recording industry
➢ Rock and roll helped recording industry
➢ FM radio
➢ Profit potential
➢ Politicization of music: challenging mores in terms of sex, counter culture of 1960’s, dominant element of 1960’s
Term
High TUrn-over Rate
Definition
content and talent
Term
Era of the “single”:
Definition
thanks to download market-place, the focus is now away from album and now on single – jukebox like era
• 60’s and 70’s = era of album; meant people had to buy whole album instead of singles
Term
file-sharing and CD burning
Definition
huge losses in sales of CD’s aren’t being compensated for by single-song sales
• moving away from possess (owning) model to access model
• over 95% of all downloads are illegal, so recording industry has to embrace digital models (using free ad supported music services)
• advertising that relates to music being streamed
• going other places to make money: ringtones, licensing deals (music used on guitar hero)
• 360 deals with artist: they will get a little money from everything you do (concert sales, songs used in ads, licensing deals, merchandise sales)
• many artists are forgoing record deals
Term
360 deals with artists
Definition
they will get a little money from everything you do (concert sales, songs used in ads, licensing deals, merchandise sales)
• many artists are forgoing record deals
Term
Route to success
Definition
before through recording companies and radio support, but now increasingly artists are going to facebook, myspace and going directly to public (now radio isn’t as regional and therefore heavy rotation of limited number of songs so not good way for upcoming artists to get heard)
Term
music quality is suffering because of changes:
Definition
• high quality and fidelity of sound has been traded for convenience and portability
• home stereo sales have declined
Term
Networks
Definition
stations associated with each other in groups; stations linked by networks to share costs
Term
Advertising
Definition
used ads during programming
Term
EM Spectrum
Definition
➢ radio uses electro-magnetic spectrum (EM spectrum) but there wasn’t any orderly system to assign stations a certain frequency
➢ growing idea that airwaves are a natural resource that everyone owned it so government needs to regulate
Term
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
Definition
• 1934 federal communications act- federal communications commission (FCC) – designated frequencies
• had to be approved for license
• all radio stations had to have a public affairs programs
Term
Transformation of Radio's Organizational structure
Definition
went from national network media to a local medium (in terms of audience, content, source of revenue)
• Chains owning multiple radio stations have caused shift back to national medium
• Satellite radio – national
• Internet – made radio programming available to whole world
Term
Transformation of Radio's Content
Definition
moving from telling stories to focusing on music
Term
Transformation of Radio's Function
Definition
radio went from being in-house, sit-down, immobile story telling to largely a non-home, mobile informer, entertainer, companion
• Partly due to changing from prime-time medium to highly selective media
• Used for different purposes at different times
• Move from collective (families listening together) to individual medium (listen in isolation for own purposes while doing something else); secondary medium
Term
Radio's Specialization
Definition
broadcast at certain specialized segment of audience (interest, taste, values)
• Specializes by narrow casting: done through the use of particular formats; bring content that will attract specific audience
Term
Narrow Casting
Definition
done through the use of particular formats; bring content that will attract specific audience
Term
Telecom Act of 1996
Definition
revisited the federal communication acts of 1934 and revised and revamped it
• Changed rules on how many radio station any one entity could own
• Great consolidation of industry, homogenization of culture
• → Heard the same songs, same content all over the country as radio became big business
• to make more money the same playlists were used and the playlists shrunk so heard the same songs over and over again and the amount of ads was pumped up
Term
Trends to Counter effects of Telecom Act of 1996
Definition
➢ radio on the internet: internet only radio station and radio stations that have internet sites
• brought back diversity of content
• counters the restrictions of broadcast radio, and overcome restrictions of time and space (archived tracks, podcasts, can listen as long as have internet)
• interactive radio stations: take info you give and offer up continuous stream of content that you have said you like or that it thinks you might like (Pandora)
• satellite radio: makes hundreds of stations available, most have no advertising
• gave competition to over the air (free) broadcasting so caused them to
• cut back on commercials,
• boosting of playlists (adding songs),
• more diverse/new formats,
• focusing more on local content,
• going digital (moving away from analogue and therefore able to compete because has better sound, compressed digital signals allow for multitasking – more channels = more variety)
Term
Satellite Radio
Definition
makes hundreds of stations available, most have no advertising
• gave competition to over the air (free) broadcasting so caused them to
• cut back on commercials,
• boosting of playlists (adding songs),
• more diverse/new formats,
• focusing more on local content,
• going digital (moving away from analogue and therefore able to compete because has better sound, compressed digital signals allow for multitasking – more channels = more variety)
Term
TV Networks
Definition
early on there were rules that the parent companies could only own a limited number of TV stations (restrictions)
➢ O & O: owned and operated; because of government regulations, had to work with affiliated stations (with contractual agreements) in order to broadcast to whole nation; you cant tell just by watching content if watching an O&O or affiliates
➢ 2/3 of programming comes form networks but the rest is syndicated and locally produced programming (5-10%)
• Syndicated: talk shows, game shows, feature movie packages, old network series
Term
O & O
Definition
owned and operated; because of government regulations, had to work with affiliated stations (with contractual agreements) in order to broadcast to whole nation; you cant tell just by watching content if watching an O&O or affiliates
Term
TV's Association with Radio
Definition
networks in radio started networks in radio; content came from radio programs; TV stars came from radio originally
Term
TV's Financial structure
Definition
made contractual agreement with sponsors (ads)
Term
Development of video tape
Definition
1950s; prior to this date TV was live; immense pressure from live coverage created electricity but video tape was beneficial for two reason

➢ Economic reasons: can show a program multiple times
➢ Could get rid of errors/mistakes: unexpected events actors forgetting lines
Term
Satellite
Definition
Uplink: ground base transmission station;
• a signal is sent from uplink to satellite and bounced off and can be collected by affiliated stations all over country; a satellite has transponder that catches signals and retransmits signals to downlinks
• affiliated stations have downlinks (receiving station/dish)
• In cable systems: affiliated stations puts programming in head end (distribution center for cable) and send to homes with cable
• Geosynchronous orbit: orbit is synchronized with earth’s rotation; satellite remains in fixed position in relation to all affiliated stations
Term
Uplink
Definition
ground base transmission station
Term
Characteristics of TV
Definition
pervasive, powerful, Lowest common denominator: Historically general programming to all large audience; don’t want to anger viewers • Largest audience of all mass medias • Because of competition from cable, audiences are smaller (more specialized TV shows)
Term
Webisodes
Definition
online internet only series
• Rather unorganized and unestablished so far
Term
TV user generated content
Definition
programming comes from common everyday people posting
Term
Social Networking sites
Definition
user generated content is usually on social networking sites; both key in dominant media trend of our time → convergence (all aspects of media merging and melding)
Term
Four basic types of Media Support Systems:
Definition
Audience, Advertising, Audience and Advertiser Support, and Subsidized
Term
Audience supported media
Definition
: media that audience pays for directly
• Put money down and receive book
Term
Advertising Supported Media
Definition
content is provided for free to audiences but the money is made by selling up these audiences to advertisers which recoup their advertising costs when they sell services and products to public
• Economic Aspects:
• Advertisers are interested in:
• size of audience and composition of audience
Term
composition of audience (demographics)
Definition
➢ geographic factors (more bang for your buck in urban cities), age (specifically interested in 18-49 year old), gender, income, emplyment patterns,
➢ do demographics match the demographics of those who buy our product
Term
How Size of Audience is Determined
Definition
➢ books: how many copies are sold; CDs: see how many units are sold;
➢ broadcast media (radio and TV): TV audiences are measured by AC Nielsen company – take random sample of households and use them as representative of country as a whole and equip them with technology that allows the company to see what is being watched and by what members
Term
AC Nielsen company
Definition
take random sample of households and use them as representative of country as a whole and equip them with technology that allows the company to see what is being watched and by what members
Term
People Meter
Definition
each member of family has to push a button on device when start watching and end watching
Term
Rating
Definition
number of TV homes watching a particular program divided by the number of all TV households in America
Term
Share
Definition
number of TV homes watching a particular program divided by number of TV households in America with TV on at that particular time
• More accurate measure of how a particular program is doing against competition
Term
Sweeps
Definition
local markets need numbers so certain months of the years where local markets are determined (November, February, and May)
• Provide estimates of local TV audiences
• Used to set local advertising rates
• Traditionally figured out with a diary system
• During sweeps months is when big movies are shown in order to gain audience
• Recent changes: biggest markets use people meters now instead of diaries
Term
Portable People Meter
Definition
cell-phone like device and measures TV viewing automatically
• Now ratings depend on number of people who watch commercials instead of program; any shows that you watch within three days of original airdate will be included in rating, ratings given a boost from DVR because can watch two shows on at same time
Term
Audience and Advertiser Support
Definition
combination
• ex: pay-cable, pay for content and there is ads
• magazines – you pay for it but there are also ads
Term
Subsidized Media
Definition
private or public subsidy; media is supported by federal government for example
• Som corporations have newspapers that the money comes directly from company itself
• Ex: public radio, TV
• Complicated by fund drives
Term
Concentration of Mass Media
Definition
➢Few huge corporations own combination of mass media
•Concern is so much of info and entertainment is owned by few; issue of control
➢Despite concentration, media choices have expanded exponentially in the last couple of years; diversification made possible by same technologies
Term
Agenda Setting
Definition
argues that the news media has a strong influence over audience because of power to choose what stories to cover as well as how much space and attention is given to a story
➢ Things we see the most will be the most present on our minds
➢ Media is telling us what to think about, not necessarily how to think about it
Term
News Selection Theory
Definition
• How stories are chosen for the news; everyday there are hundreds of potential stories but only a few are chosen for the news
Term
Mirror Analogy
Definition
journalist say they report the world as it is; simply showing a mirror to world/society; reflecting the world as it is
➢ Counter argument to agenda settings
➢ Flaw: even real mirrors are limited in scope; mirrors can distort images
Term
Gate Keeper
Definition
metaphor used to describe anyone who controls access to something; in context of media it is a person who has ability to filter/influence media content
➢ Occurs at all levels of media
➢ How is news chosen? What makes something news worthy?
Term
Factors within a story
Definition
good visuals, Events (pseudo events), timely, drama, conflict unusual/unpredictable, proximity, personalized,
Term
Good Visuals
Definition
refers to images that are interesting, entertaining or high production value
• Refers to visual bias in news; more likely to be chosen
• Might not have a lot of news value though
• Ex: live car chases, coverage of forest fires, viral video of the wedding dancing to Chris Brown’s “forever”
• Many times the visuals become the story with the report commenting on the image
Term
Events (pseudo events)
Definition
has a discreet time and place of occurrence; something that happens
• Ex: initial recording of BP oil gusher
• Not focused on complex concepts: so an investigative report on what happened leading up to oil spill
• Connected events are pseudo events: something that is staged primarily for the purpose of media exposure
• Ex: most corporations and politicians use pseudo events (press conference), rescuing of Jessica Lynch (captured and held in Iraqi hospital and rescued but later the rescue was proven false)
Term
Timely
Definition
refers to how new the story is
• News organization always want to be first to break story therefore old stories wont get as much coverage
• Ongoing stories get less and less attention
Term
Drama
Definition
refers to stories that follow a narrative structure with beginning, middle, and end
• News organizations latch onto
• Usually not very complex; usually human interest stories
• Ex: trapped minors in Chile
• Story stops with the end of the drama
Term
Conflict
Definition
revolves around two competing sides or viewpoints
• Sometimes the conflict is enhanced by the media to create more controversy (may only report on differences because don’t say similarities)
• Process of resolving conflict isn’t as sellable
• Ex: Sports rivalries
• Applies to political news as well: focusing on conflict and on winner loser game even though all is a democracy
• Fewer stories about how a party will affect policy change and the US as a whole
• Rarely exposed to both sides
Term
Unusual/Unpredictable
Definition
story that is weird or out of the ordinary will get coverage
• Ex: balloon boy, car thief scolded mom for leaving kid in a car
Term
Proximity
Definition
the closer a story is to home, the more likely it is to get attention
• Especially true for local news
• Rarely hear about international stories unless there is a connection to US interest
• Ex: in LA when it rains (sprinkles) it becomes a story
Term
Personalized
Definition
refers to human interest stories – stories that focus on people and their personal struggles
• Viewed as universal because tap into nature of human experience
• News organizations like to play up because people play into them
• Ex: mom reunited with baby who she thought died
Term
Organization Factors for why a story is chosen
Definition
refers to organization structure of news affects the ways stories are chosen
-Beat system
-pack journalism
-deadlines
-technology
Term
Beat System
Definition
way to cover all potential news in specific areas routinely
• Beat means concentrating on particular area or category
• Reporters who follow beat have a specific focus
• Ex: white house beat, fine arts beat, sports beat, etc
Term
Pack Journalism
Definition
coverage of one story by major news organization will result in other journalist or news organizations will follow suit
• News organizations cover same thing
• News becomes homogeneous
• Ex: extended coverage of death of Michael Jackson, Bernie Madoff scandal, covering virtual strip-downs at the airport
Term
Deadlines
Definition
news has to be in by a fixed time in order for it to be reported, has to meet a deadline within news organization itself
Term
Technology
Definition
organizations have satellite, live transmissions, helicopters as part of news coverage
• Feel compelled to use them even if doesn’t result in something newsworthy
• Feel compelled because its expensive
• Satellites allow for more than just local coverage
• cell phone pictures give average citizens the ability to cover news
• technology directing news in a sense
Term
Factors within News People For why a story is chosen
Definition
subcultural bias, political bias
Term
Subcultural Bias
Definition
news people often work with people of similar points of view may bias framing or selection of news
• Share a culture that is unique to profession so subculture may bias framing or selection of news
• Varies from situation to situation
Term
Political Bias
Definition
political affiliation of news people may affect what their reporting even though its not supposed to
• Common claim is media has liberal bias
• Ex: Katie Couric interview with Sarah Palin thought to be too hard on Palin
• Findings have shown that it is more complex than that
• Today’s journalist are more conservative than general public
• Some argue that the media owners dictate agenda
Term
Ethics
Definition
privacy, basic obligation to human beings, courts, conflict of interest, gifts/payola, stereotypes, checkbook journalism, accuracy of information, undercover reporting, question of taste
Term
Privacy
Definition
individuals right to privacy versus publics right/desire to know
• Extends to celebrities, politicians, and companies
• Where to draw line? Complicated by the fact that public want dirt on others and want to pay
Term
Basic Obligation to Human Beings
Definition
social responsibility when conflict between being a journalist and being a human being
• At what point should reporters put down camera and help
• What makes a better journalist and what makes a better human being
Term
Courts
Definition
centers on legal standards established at state and federal level and to role of media in role of media in relation to judicial process
• Freedom to have a speedy, fair and public trial by jury of ones peer and freedom of speech
• Will story taint jury selection process, will it publicly prevent/hinder trial
• If press involved in court situation, they can bias story
Term
Conflict of Interest
Definition
any situation in which a journalist may stand to benefit personally from a story which they produce
• Journalist may have interest in story that compromises objectivity
• Real or hidden bias
• Affects what stories are told and will they bias reporters view
• Journalist writing books about issues they cover
• If money at stake, then can affect objectivity
Term
Gifts/Payola
Definition
• payola = term from 1930 to describe DJ’s getting paid to play certain songs, paying something to get something on the news
• To refuse gifts and special treatment if compromise journalistic integrity
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
media has to avoid false stereotypes
• Disney has come under fire for stereotyping
• Sensitivity is term often used
• How do you portray certain groups
Term
Checkbook Journalism
Definition
issues of paying for stories
• Frowned on and discouraged
• Paying to get the story while payola is getting paid
Term
Accuracy of Information
Definition
presentation of facts are supposed to be truthful and accurate; should test accuracy at all levels
• Journalists should always question sources motives
• Never supposed to exaggerate or falsification of stories
Term
Undercover Reporting
Definition
quite popular because gets the news; reveal hidden corruptions
• Code of ethics says to avoid hidden methods to get information
Term
Question of Taste
Definition
medias are increasingly accused of having bad taste to get readership
• Should you air something to get the ratings?
Term
Sex, Swearing, and Satanism
Definition
The Right is very concerned with 3S’s
Term
Liberal Democracy
Definition
: majority rules through elections, there are certain rights that you have that cant be violated regardless of what the majority thinks – embodied in Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments of constitution) and protect you from tyranny of majority
• Bill of Rights: 1st amendment – congress shall make no laws abridging freedom of speech or freedom of press
Term
tyranny of majority
Definition
even if majority votes for no freedom of speech it is protected by the 1st amendment
Term
Philosophical Basis of 1st Amendment
Definition
• Traced to idea of free men: John Milton, Thomas Jefferson and John Stuart Mill
Term
John Milton's marketplace of ideas
Definition
realm of idea be a free market place so ideas con compete amongst themselves and good ideas will beat out bad ideas; best test of truth is that it can beat out other ideas in unregulated market; truth will emerge victorious
Term
Jefferson's politics
Definition
human beings are rational creatures and if ideas weren’t regulated and through reason the majority would make sound decisions for society, can only govern well if unfettered press
Term
John Stuart Mill: three pronged defense of freedom of speech
Definition
1. as opinion is silenced the truth may be silenced as well, 2. even a wrong opinion may discover an element of truth necessary to discover the whole truth, 3. Even if commonly accepted opinion is the whole truth, people will hold it not as rational belief but as prejudice if they have not had to defend it – importance of defending your ideas in the face of disagreement, only when defend do you make it your own and give reason for believing it
Term
Classical Libertarianism
Definition
Government cant prevent you from saying/printing anything and cant force you to say anything
• As long as everyone can say what they want to, the truth will win out in the end even if bad things are said ; preferred remedy to harmful speech is more speech (not enforced silence)
Term
Absolutists
Definition
interpret it literally; say whatever you want
Term
Consensus Definition
Definition
Some restrictions are necessary but no restrictions should be allowed simply because the speech is unpopular; purpose of first amendment is to foster widest range of ideas so public debate should be uninhibited; protecting currently unpopular ideas from suppression by majority rule;
Term
Social harm criteria
Definition
speech leads to such great amount of social harm that courts can step in and monitor (determined by those sitting on the court)
Term
Problems with exceptions
Definition
• Defining the exception: subjective, differs from time to time, place to place, person to person;
• Necessary cost-benefit analysis that must be conducted when create exception: more social harm will come from allowing speech then preventing it; when prevent certain speech is and of itself is a social harm because pushing aside right
Term
Advertisers Prime Demographics
Definition
• 18-49 year old demographics - like because don’t have fixed consumer patterns/brand loyalty; love because they will be around longer to buy things; older people are more likely to live alone but younger people have families so need to buy for more people
• ideal viewer: women (buy for family) of about 35 (old enough to have money)
• Baby-boomers: advertisers are paying more attention to older people than in the past because baby-boomer are too big a group too ignore and they are more willing to try new things than previous generations; cling to idea of being youthful and have expendable income
Term
Advertising Plans
Definition
Spot (ad) Advertising using a scatter plan, Sponsored Advertising, Institutional Advertising
Term
Spot (ad) Advertising using a scatter plan
Definition
spread ads over a variety of different shows; newer more popular method
Term
Sponsored Advertising
Definition
one advertiser would sponsor a show, one would buy all the ad space for the program; older method – became too costly and wasn’t terribly efficient; gave too much control to corporations so the networks left this situation;
• content of other media is very much affected by corporate advertisers; ex: magazines that accept cigarettes ads are much les likely to have ads that tell about dangers of smoking
• still sponsored situations but is the expectation to the rule
Term
Institutional Advertising
Definition
messages that aim to develop the image of an advertiser, generate good will towards company and eventually consumers will buy the products; align company up with some good causes
Term
Venues where ads are
Definition
Ex: product placement, direct mail/junk mail, billboards, benches, pens, etc
Term
Federal Trade Commission
Definition
protects copyrights and trademarks, punishes false advertising, can issue cease and desist, can fine/jail you if fail to comply,
• Most cases brought to FTC are by competing companies or consumers
• Can force advertisers to run corrective ads: if been found guilty of false advertisers then you have to run another ad pointing out how you lied
Term
Corrective Ads
Definition
if been found guilty of false advertisers then you have to run another ad pointing out how you lied
Term
Regulation of Advertising
Definition
FTC and FCC
Term
Counter ads
Definition
if certain types of ads relating to issues of public importance
• can force networks to run ads showing another view on product (public service announcements)
Term
Brand Names RIghts
Definition
• If a brand name becomes too popular you can lose legal rights to that name. If enters English language then a company can lose rights to it
• Ex: aspirin, yo-yo, escalator,
• In danger: Vaseline, Frisbee, jell-o, tivo, google
Term
Emotion of Fear
Definition
primary emotion that ads appeal to; unless you buy/use this product something will be wrong; wont have sex appeal, have fun, bad breath; after showing fear, offer product to alleviate the fear
• Not universally successful
Term
Integrated Ads
Definition
integrate ads with entertainment content of particular media
• Most deals with product placement
• Interweave plot lines with products sometimes
Term
Advertising Techniques and Strategies
Definition
emotion of fear, integrated ads, use of celebrities, promise of status, rationale appeal, testimonials, informercials, etc
Term
Virtual Advertising
Definition
uses digital technology where ads are superimposed on TV screen, used especially in sports shows
Term
Sponsored Searches
Definition
when enter search, certain results are paid to be there
• Easy to measure if people pay attention to ads and if lead to sale
Term
Internet Ad Techniques
Definition
sponsored searches, overlays, hypertargeting, flog
Term
Overlays
Definition
ads appears on part of the screen and maybe only part of the time
Term
Hypertargeting
Definition
scour your profiles online and find out interest and then deliver ads related to that
• Through use of cookies can monitor where you go
• Controversial, privacy complaints
Term
Flog
Definition
fake blog; a company is behind it
Term
Informercials
Definition
thirty minute ads (usually TV) consisting of demonstrations or talk show style, shown at times that aren’t popular; often start by dramatizing problem and then a product that can alleviate it, bonuses giveaways and finally lead to unbelievably low prices
Term
Superbowl
Definition
the most expensive ads; has by far the largest audience fro any time during the year, viewers expect good commercials;
• Internet adds to phenomena: if miss ad can see it alter online, forward ad to a friend – extending ads reach
• Ads that people actually want to watch
Term
Independent Films
Definition
➢ Made outside of Hollywood studio
➢ Takes much less money to make
➢ Usually don’t have usually big movie stars
➢ Win a disproportionate amount of awards at academy awards
• Specialty divisions: fox’s searchlight in order to gain prestige and access to very talented talent and some of the profit of independent films
➢ Independent films also take a portion of audience of foreign films
➢ Things that helped indie films:
• Cineplex-ation of America; Cineplex = movie theater with more than one screen – often have so many screens that smaller films are shown
Term
New Theaters
Definition
comfy seats, stadium style seating so someone’s head doesn’t block the movie, high ceilings → fighting reason that people have to stay home
Term
Sell Through Market
Definition
• Video: (VHS, DVD) initially when video came about, film studios were worried it would kill their business but also an additional revenue stream to sell videos to video stores
• Then sold directly to customers:
Term
Teen Audience
Definition
films made at teenagers cost less to be produced; also teenagers are the only repeat audience (go to theaters multiple times to see same movie(repeat business)), also more often buy food
• not really affected by critics or reviews
• tend to be impatient and therefore want to see films right away
• opening of a film is very important and is a key signifier of future success
Term
Film as Persuasive Media
Definition
• High impact/high involvement – no interruptions and large images pull you into its world versus TV intruding on your world
• Used during WWII as propaganda by both sides
Term
Regulation of Film
Definition
in 1915 (miracle case) Supreme Court ruled that film is not an important outlet for the expression of ideas and that it is simply a business so the government has a right to censor film and regulate it
• Last thing the studios wanted so stepped forward a system of self-regulations what is called the Hays Office and the Hays Code (symbol = scissor cutting into film)
Term
Hays Office and the Hays Code
Definition
system of self-regulations for films
-• all films submitted to the office and had to be approved (office was very strict)
Term
Film becoming digital
Definition
causing distribution of film to change
Term
Internet affecting FIlm
Definition
initially very short films of bad quality, internet can be a way of distributing, increasingly now the net is becoming increasingly important part of business → downloads online
Term
Mondegreens
Definition
misunderstood lyrics; came form fold songs
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