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| Iyengar, Shanto Kinder. Media can affect what you think about. Experimented by showing an extra newscast then surveying. |
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| Aggregation of anonymously expressed opinions. Voting early form. Surveys. |
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| Emphasis vs. Equivalency framing effects |
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| Druckman. Emphasis is when one emphasizes a particular aspect over another in order to influence. Equivalency is to state info in a different manner, such as 2% rather than 98%. |
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| Episodic vs. Thematic Frames |
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Definition
| Iyengar, Shanto, Kinder. Specific events or cases reported as episodic. Thematic deals with policy in general. People more likely to associate episodic with individuals responsible. Bad because public should know who is responsible social problems. |
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| Leading candidate. High attention early on. Highly critical. But no publicitiy is bad publicity. |
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| Nisbett and Wilson. Implicit are stereotypes thought out unconsciously. Stimuli response time used to measure. Extra credit experiment. When race is explicitly discussed, we can buffer. |
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| Freedman. Ads inform public. Presidential ads are more effective than congressional ads. |
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| Freedman. For uninformed, ads act like multivitamins. Comprehensive and easily digested. Least informed benefits the most. |
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| Zaller. Unconscious beliefs are sometimes not outwardly expressed. Polls may not be as accurate as when voters are alone in booth. |
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| Zaller. If both parties agree, informed people will also agree. They trust that both sides agree. |
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| Media only reinforces what individuals believe because we can select what we watch. |
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| Converse. Errors and problems cancel out in aggregate and response is fairly accurate. Page & Shapiro dispute this because some issues are consistently favored or rejected, not random. |
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| Initial lead gives a headstart. Jumping on the bandwagon. Hart/Mondale race, Hart surprising victory early gave him advantage. |
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| Mendelberg. Today racial attitudes are more implicit than explicit. Does not point to progress, instead a shift. |
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| Not-So-Minimal effect Model |
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Definition
| Iyengar, Shanto Kinder. Media has significant impact. Agenda setting and priming make media important information outlet. |
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| Ginsberg. As opposed to a factual statement, or as supplement to a factual statement. |
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| Kinder. As parties become more polarized and extreme, it seems that individuals would become more critical of sides. Instead, decisions are less difficult as individuals self-categorize. |
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| Many think that only highly informed can make ideologically informed choices in voting, but policy mood says that individuals are actually capable of gathering a sense of policies and making decisions. |
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| Zaller. Small but dominant group of individuasl who are the main source of information for the public. |
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| Iyengar, Shanto, Kinder. Media does not affect how you think, but maybe what you think about.Calling attention to certain areas. |
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| Price. Sometimes it is removed from the individuals and just the elite. Price says media plays large role, but individuals conversing provides support. |
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| Zaller. Reception, Acceptance, Sample. Ping pong balls. We have a lot of info bouncing around in our heads, we somewhat arbitrarily choose what we do from the jumble. |
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| Page, Shapiro. Individuals tend to respond differently to questions at differetn times. However refutes Converse's non-attitudes because it is not that people just don't know or dont care, and rather that responses do not fluctuate that much. |
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| Gladwell. We only get bits of information, and have to try and but the thin slices together to make informed coherent decisions. Sometimes this is good, others bad. |
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| media has a direct effect, like a hypodermic needle administering a drug |
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| over time, media shapes how we perceive reality |
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| media shows political races more like a game, where poll results are the score. they show how well the two are playing the game. |
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| public attention rarely stays with one issue for two long, it cycles through them. |
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| how applicable the poll's results are to the rest of the public |
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