John Milton

• Early libertarian thinker
• English writer
• 1644 pamplet Areopagitica explained that individual human beings are capable of discovering truth if given the opportunity
• Argued for a free and open exchange of information and ideas (marketplace of ideas)
• "Let Truth and Falsehood grapple: whoever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and open encounter."
• Believed people would gain confidence in their ideas and values if they tested them continually against alternative views
• Argued against censorship 

Kings Henry VIII & James I

• Henry VIII - English king whose censorship epitomized early authortarianism, outlawed imported publications b/c many presses were producing materials that bordered on sedition and treason
• James I - Articulated the divine-right-of-kings theory in 1598, claimed that legitimate monarchs were annointed by the Almightand thereby were better able to express reighteousness and truth than anyone else, anybody who differed with the monarch was embracing falsity and probably heresy

First Amendment

• the free expression section of the U.S. Constitution
• bars govt from interfering in the exchange of ideas

Marketplace of Ideas

• An unbridled forum for free inquiry and free expression
• free and open exchange of information
• argued for by John Milton

Divine Right of Kings

• Proper decisions follow the monarch's will, which is linked to the Almighty
• see King James I

Freedom House

• organization which monitors pess freedom worldwide

Pool System

• Reporters chosen on a rotating basis t ocover an event to which access is limited 
• started when the U.S. took over the Caribbean nation of Grenada and kept reporters out

Embedding

• News reporters who are with military units on missions

Wikileaks.org

• Unaffiliated online source that posts secret govt and corporate documents. Designed to correct abusive practices and promote public dialogue and involvement
• 
  

Golden Shield Firewall

• Chinese system to control internal internet communication within the country

Voice of America

• U.S. govt funded producer of broadcast and internet programming sent into nations with state controlled meia to articulate U.S. policies directly to the people
• The global popularity of American jazz has been attributed to Voice of America
• Mission is to promote a positive image of US

Julian Assange

• Founder of WikiLeaks
• social activist
• believes that powerful institutions, particularly governments and corporations, should operate openly and transparently

Al-Jazeera

• Qatar-based satellite news channel for Arab audiences; now global
• home-grown live coverage of breaking news told dispassionately and as thoroughly as possible, no holds barred
• Call-in shows were uncensored
• At first applauded by the West
• President George W. Bush at one point suggested to British Prime Minister Tony Blair to bomb the Al-Jazeera headquarters

The Victorian Internet

• The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century's On-Line Pioneers

• discusses the development and uses of the electric telegraph during the second half of the 19th century and some of the similarities the telegraph shared with the Internet of the late 20th century

• The central idea of the book posits that of these two technologies, it was the telegraph that was the more significant, since the ability to communicate globally at all in real-time was a qualitative shift, while the change brought on by the modern Internet was merely a quantitative shift according to Standage