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| The process of creatig symbol systems that convey information and meaning. |
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| The symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life and to articulate thier values. |
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| the cultural industries-channels of communication- that produce and distribute songs, novels, newspapers, movies, Internet Services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people. |
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| the process of designing and delivering cultural messages and stories to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old as the book and as new as the internet |
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| Images, texts, and sounds are converted into electronic signals which are then reassembled as a precise reproduction of, say, a tv picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice. |
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| An individual who posts or publishes an ongoing personal or opinion journal or log online |
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| The process whereby old and new media are available via the integration of personal computers and high speed satellite based phone or cable links |
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| another defintion for media convergence which describes a particular business model that is favored by corporate interests. |
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| The authors, producers, agencies, and organizations that transmit messages to receivers. |
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| The texts, images, and sounds transmitted from senders to receivers |
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| Newspapers, books, magazines, readio, television, or the internet |
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| The target of messages crafted by a sender |
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| Editors, producers, and other media managers who function as messafe filters, making decisions about what types of messages actually get produced for particular audiences |
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| Responses from receivers to the senders of messages |
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| the phenomenon whereby audiences seek messages and meanings that correspond to their preexisting beliefs and values. |
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| A symbolic expression that has come to mean "good taste"; pften supported y wealthy patrons and corporate donors, it is associated with fine art (such as ballet, the symphony,painting, and classical literature) which is available primarily in theatres or museums. |
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| a symbolic expression allegedly aligned with the questionable taste of the "masses" who enjoy the commercial "junk" circulated by the mass media, such as soap operas, rock music, talk radio, comic books, and moster truck pulls |
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| a historical era spanning the time from the rise of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to the present; its social values include celebrating the individual, believing in rational order, working efficiently, and rejecting tradition. |
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| The process whereby a media literate person or student studying mass communication forms and practices employs the techniques of description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. |
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| an understanding of the mass communication proess through the development of critical thinking tools- description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, engagement- that enable a person to become more engaged as a citizen and more discerning as a consumer of mass media products |
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| The vast central network of high speed telephone lines designed to link and carry computer information worldwide. |
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| The original internet, designed by the U.S. Defense Department's Advanced research Projects Agency (ARPA) |
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| Electronic mail messages sent by the internet; developed by computer engineer Ray Tomlinson in 1971 |
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| individual "host" computer centers run by universities, corporations, and government agencies, all of which are connected to the Internet by special high speed phone lines |
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| organized computer conferences consisting of bulletin boards and individual messages, or postings, that are circulated twenty-four hours a day via the Internet and cover a range of topics. |
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| a free and open data linging system for organizing and standardizing information on the internet; the WWW enables computer accessed information to associate with or link to other information no matter where it is on the Internet |
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| (HyperText Markup Language) the written code that creates web pages and links; a language all computers can read. |
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| information search services, such as Netscape's Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer, that offer detailed organizational maps to the Internet. |
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| an entry point to the Internet, such as a search engine |
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| Internet Service Provider |
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| (ISP) a company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses for a fee |
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| Computer programs that allow users to enter key words or queries to find related sites on the Internet |
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| dial up connetions to the internet |
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| review and cataloguing services that group Web sites under particular categories (e.g Arts & Humanities, News & Media, Entertainment) |
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| A web feature that enables users to chat with buddies in real time via pop up windows assigned to each conversation |
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| The next generation of online technology, deployed on an experimental basis in 1999, that is expected to be one thousand times faster than today's internet |
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| Allowing people to create and distribute their own messages. letting people become producers rather than just consumers of media content. |
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| Images, texts, and sounds that use pulses of electric current or flashes of laser lights and are converted into electronic signals represented as varied combinations of binary numbers, usually ones and zeroes; these signals are then reassembled as a precise reproduction of a TV picture, a magazine article, or a telephone voice. |
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| Miniature circuits that process and store electronic signals, integrating thousands of electronic components into thin strands of silicon along which binary codes travel. |
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| Thin glass bundles of fiber capable of transmitting thousands of messages converted to shooting pulses of light along cable wires; these bundles of fiber can carry broadcast channels, telephone signals, and all sorts of digital codes |
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| The process whereby old and new media are available via the integration of personal computers an high speed satellite based phone or cable links |
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| Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
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| The sweeping update of telecommunications law that led to a wave of media consolidation |
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| Non commercial software shared freely and developed collectively on the Internet |
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| Web logs. Sites that contain articles in chronollogical, journal-like form, often with reader comments and links to other articles on the web |
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| a computer term regerring to unsolicited e-mail |
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| Form of internet fraud. begins with phony e-mails messages that pretend to be from an official site such as Ebay of AOL, requesting the customers send their credit card numbers and other personal info to update their account |
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| electronic commerce, or commercial activity on the Web. |
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| information profiles about a user that are usually automatically accepted by the web browser and stored on the users own computer hard drive. |
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| software with secretive codes that enable commercial firms to "spy" on users and gain access to their computers |
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| controversial web site policies over personal data gathering: opt in means Web sites must fain explicit permission from online consumers before the site can collect their personal data; opt out means the web site can automatically collect personal data unless the consumer goes to the trouble of filling out a specific form to restrict the practice |
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| the socioeconomic disparity between those who do and do not have access to digital technology and media, such as the Internet |
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| alternate form of internet access. wireless networking enables users of notebook computers and other devices to the Internet cafe's, hotels, airports, and parks |
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| the process wherby product companies and content providers customize a Web page, print ad, or other media form for an individual consumer |
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| lightweight magnetized strands of ribbon that make possible sound editing and multiple-track mixing; instrumentals or vocals can be recorded at one location and later mixed onto a master recording in another studio |
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| the recording of two seperate channels or tracks of sound |
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| Music recorded and played back by laser beam rather than by needle or magnetic tape. |
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| A recording that is made by capturing the fluctuations of the original sound waces and storing those signals on records or cassettes as a continuous stream of magnetism- analogous to the actual sound |
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| Playback-only storage discs for music that incorporate pure and very precise digital techniques, thus eliminating noise during recording and editing sessions |
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| Digital Video Disc, a digital storage format that looks like a CD but has greater capacity, enabling it to handle feature-length films as well as graphics, video, multichannel audio, and interactivity |
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| Short for MPEG-1 Layer 3, an advanced type of audio compression that reduces file size, enabling audio to be easily distributed over the Internet and to be digitally transmitted in real time |
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| Popular music that appeals either to a wide cross section of the public or to sizeable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region, or ethnic background: the word pop has also been used as a label to distinguish popular music from classical music |
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| An improvisational and moslty instrumental musical form that absorbs and integrates a diverse body of musical styels, including African rhythms, blues, big band, and gospel |
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| Songs recorded or performed by musicians who did not origianally write or perform the music. |
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| Music that mixed the vocal and instrumental traditions of popular music; it merged the black influences of urban blues, gospel, and R&B with the white influences of country folk, and pop vocals. |
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| Music that mixed bluegrass and country influences with those of black folk music and early amplified blues |
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| The unethical (but not always illegal) practive of record promoters paying deejays or radio programmers to favor particular songs over others |
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| Music that mixes gospel, blues, and urban and southern black styels with slower, more emotional, and melancholic lyrics |
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| music performed by untrained musicians and passed down through the oral traditions; it encompasses a wide range of music, from Appalachian fiddle tunes to the accordion led zydico of Louisiana. |
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| amplified folk music, often freaturing politically over lyrics; influenced by rock and roll |
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| rock music that challenges the orthodoxy and commercialism of the recording budiness; it is chracterized by loud, unpolished qualities, a jackhammer beat, primal vocal screams, crude aggression, and defiant or comic lyrics |
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| Rock music that takes the spirit of punk and infuses it with more attention to melody |
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| nonmainstream rock music, which includes many tupws of experimental music and some forms of punk and grunge |
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| music that combines spoken street dialext with cuts from older records and bears the influences of social politics, male boasting, and comic lyrics carried forward from blues,R&B, soul, and rock and roll |
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| A style of rap music that depicts the hardships of urban life and sometimes glorifies the violent style of street gangs |
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| In media economics, an organizational structure in which a few firms control most of an idustries production and distribution rescources |
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| Independent music and film production houses that work outside industry oligopolies; they often produce less mainstream music and film |
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| short for artist and repertoire agents, these talent scouts of the music business discover, develop, and sometimes manage performers |
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| The illegal uploading, downloading, or streaming of copyrighted material, such as music |
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| the unauthorized copying of CD's, casettes, and their packaging |
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| the illegal counterfeiting or pirating of CD's cassettes, and videos that are produced and/or sold without official permission from the original songwriter, performer, or copyright holder. |
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| Invented in the 1840's, it sent electrical impulses through a cable from a transmitter to a reception point, transmitting Morse code. |
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| A system of sending electrical impulses from a transmitter through a cable to a reception point; developed by the American inventor Samuel Morse |
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| Invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light; electricity, magnetism, light, broadcase signals, and heat are part of such waves, which radiate in space at the speed of light, about 186,000 miles per second. |
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| A portion of the electromagnetic wave spectrum that was harnessed so that signals could be sent from a transmission point and obtained at a reception point |
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| the forerunner of radio, a form of voiceless point-to-point communication; it preceded the voice and sound transmission of one - to many mass communication that became known as broadcasting |
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| early experiments in wireless voice and music transmissions, which later developed into modern radio |
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| the transmission of radio waves of TV signals to a broad public audience |
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| any specialized electronic programming or media channel aimed at a target audience |
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| the first radio legislation passed by congress, it addressed the problem of amateur radio operators increasingly cramming the airwaves |
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| Radio Corporation of America |
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| (RCA) a company developed during World War I that was designed, with government aproval, to pool radio patents; the formation of RCA gave the United States almost total control over the emerging mass medium of broadcasting |
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| a broadcast process that links, through special phone lines or satellite transmissions, groups of radio or TV stations that share programming produced at a central location |
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| Now considered illegal, a procedure whereby a radio network paid an affiliate station a set fee per hour for an option to control programming and advertising on that station |
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| the second radio legislation passed by Congress; in an attempt to restore order to the airwaves, it stated that licenses did not own their channels but could licesnse them as long as they operated in order to serve the"Public interst, convience, or necessity" |
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| Federal Communications act of 1934 |
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| The far-reaching act that established the FCC and the federal regulatory structure for U.S. broadcasting |
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Federal Communication Commission
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| (FCC) an independent U.S. government agency charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable |
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Definition
| invented by Bell Laboratories in 1947, this tiny technology, which recieves and amplifies radio signals, made portable radios possible |
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| frequency modulation; a type of radio and sound transmission that offers static-less reception and greater fidelity and clarity than AM radio by accentuating the pitch or distance between radio waves |
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| amplitude modualtion; a type of radio and sound transmission that stresses the volume or height of radio waves |
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| the concept of radio stations developing and playing specific styles geared to listeners age, race, or gender; in format radio management, rather than deejays, controls programming choices |
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| in format radio programming, the practice of playing the most popular or best selling songs many times throughout the day |
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| in radio programming, the periods between 6 and 10 a.m. and 4-7 pm when people are commuting to and from work, these periods constitute the largest listening audiences of the day. |
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| the fastest growing radio format in the 1990's |
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| (AC) one of the oldest and most popular radio music formats, typically featuring a mix of news, talk, oldies, and soft rock |
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| (CHR) originally called Top 40 radio, this radio format encompasses everything from hip hop to childrens songs; it remains the most popular radio format for people ages 18-24 |
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| claiming the most radio stations in the US, this radio format includes such subdivisions as old-time, progressive, country-rock, western swing, and country gospel. |
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| one of radios more popular formats, primarily targeting african americans listeners in urban areas with dance, R&B, and hip hop music |
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| (AOR) the radio music format that features album cuts from mainstream rock bands |
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| Telecommunications act of 1996 |
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| (NPR) noncommercial radio established in 1967 by the US congress to provide an alternative to commercial radio |
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| Public Broadcasting Service |
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| (PBS) the nonommercial television network established in 1967 as an alternative to commercial TV |
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| Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 |
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| the act by the US Congress that established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which oversees the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR) |
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| Corporation for Public Broadcasting |
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| (CPB) a private, nonprofit corporation created by Congress in 1967 to funnel federal funds to nonprofit radio and public television |
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| a radio broadcasting foundation establishedin Berkeley, California, by journalists and World War II pacifist Lewis Hill; he established KPFA the first nonprofit community radio station in 1949 |
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| (LPFM) a new class of noncommercial radio stations approved by the FCC in 2000 to give voice to local groups lacking access to the public airwaves; the 10-watt and 100 watt- stations broadcast to a small, community based area. |
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| Online radio stations that either stream simulcast versions of on air radio broadcast over the wab, or are created exclusively for the Internet |
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| Pay radio services that deliver various radio formats nationally via satellite |
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| Enables listeners to download audio program files from the Internet for payback on computers or digital music palyers |
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| in television programming, the hours between 8 and 11 pm or (7-10 in the Midwest) when networks have traditionally drawn their largest audiences and charged their highest advertising rates. |
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| a very high frequency; in broadcasting, the band in the electromagnetic spectrum that the FCC allocated for TV channels 2 through 13 |
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| ultrahigh frequency; in broadcasting the band in the electromagnetic spectrum that the FCC allocated for TV channels 14-69 |
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| radio or TV stations taht, though independently owned, sign a contract to be part of a network and recieve money to carry the network's programs; in exchange, the network reserves time slots, which it sells to national advertisers |
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| a TV news program format, pioneered by CBS's 60 Minutes in the late 1960's that features multiple segments in an hour long episode, usually ranging from celebrity or political feature story a hard hitting investigative report |
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| before the days of videotape, a 1950's technique for preserving television broadcasts by sing a film camera to record a live TV show off a studio monitor |
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| short television comdedy skits taht are usually segments of TV variety shows; sometimes known as vaudeo, the marriage of vaudeville and video |
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| a type of comedy series that features a recurring cast and set as well as several narrative scenes; each episode establishes a situation, complicates it, develops increasing confusion among its characters, and then resolves the complications |
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| a TV hybrid of the sitcom in which characters and settings are usually more important than complicated situations; it generally features a domestic problem or work issue that characters have to solve |
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| a popular form of early TV programming that brought live dramatic theatre to television; influenced by stage plays, anthologies offered new teleplays, casts, directors, writers, and sets from week to week |
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| a narrative form well suited to television because main chracters appear every week, sets and locales remain the same, and technical crews stay with the program; episodic series feature new adventures each week, but a handful of characters emerge with whom viewers can regularly identify |
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| in television production, any situation comedy or dramatic program whose narrative structure includes self contained stories that feature a problem, a series of conflicts, and a resolution from week to week |
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| radio or TV programs, such as soap operas, that feature continuing story lines from day to day or week to week |
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| stripped (syndicated reruns) |
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| in TV syndication, the showing of programs either older network reruns or programs made for dydication, five days a week |
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Definition
| the period in telecision history, roughly from the mid- 1950's to the late 1970's, that refers to the dominance of the Big Three networks (ABC,CBS,NBC) over programming and prime time viewing habits; the era began eroding with a decline in viewing and with the development of VCR's, cable, and new TV networks |
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| a TV station, such as WGN in Chicago or WTBS in Atlanta, that finds its own original and syndicated programming and is not affiliated with any of the major networks |
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| (VCR's) recorders that use a half inch video format known as VHS (video home system) wich enables viewers to record and play back programs from television to record and play back programs from telecision or to watch movies rented from video stores |
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Definition
| the process wherby television viewers tape shows and watch them later, when it is convenient for them |
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| (digital video recorder) a device that enables users to find and record specific television shows and store them in a computer memory to be played back at a later time or record them onto a DVD |
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| a type of telecision program that packages human-interest and celebrity stories in TV news style |
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| (financial Interest and Sydication Rules) the most damaging attack against the network TV monopoly in FCC history- |
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| in television, the process whereby a TV production company leases its programs to a network for a license fee that is atually less than the cost of production; the company hopes to recoup this loss later in rerun syndication |
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| In television the process whereby programs that stay in a networks lineup long enough to build up a certain number of episodes (usually four seasons worth) are sold, or syndicated, to hundreds of TV markets in the United States and abroad |
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| TV stations owned and operated by networks |
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| in TV syndication, popular and lucrative enduring network reruns such as the Andy Griffith Show or I Love Lucy |
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| in television in television, the time slot either immediately before the evening's prime time schedule or immediately following the local evening news or the networks late night talk shows |
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| in television the process whereby new programs are specifically produced for sale in syndication markets rather than for network television |
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| in TV audience measurement, a statistical estimate expressed as a percentage of households tuned to a program in the local or national market being sampled |
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| in TV audience measurement a statistical estimate of the percentage of homes tuned to a certain program, compared with those simply using their sets at the time of a sample |
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