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| unrelated individuals who are treated as if they were related |
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| in popular usage, an intact, married two-parent family with at least one child, which adheres to conservative family values; an idealized family; aka nuclear family |
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| a practice in which one person may have several spouses over his or her lifetime although no more than one at any given time |
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| an alternative term for serial monogamy |
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| the family in which a person is reared as a child |
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| the family formed by a couple and their child or children |
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| a relationship formed by marriage |
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| consanguineous relationship |
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| a relationship formed by common blood ties |
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| the practice of having more than one husband or wife at the same tim; plural marriage |
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| the practice of having more than one wife at the same time |
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| the practice of having more than one husband at the same time |
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| a social theory that views individuals and groups as being basically in competition with each other; power is seen as the decisive factor in interactions |
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| a variety of perspectives that stress the importance of gender and gender inequality in shaping social and familial experience |
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| descent or kinship traced through the mother |
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| descent or kinship traced through the father |
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| a colonial Puritan courtship custom in which a couple slept together with a board separating them |
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| a form of social organization in which the father or eldest male is recognized as the head of the family, kinship group, or tribe, and decent is traced through him |
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| an arrangement in which it takes the efforts of two spouses to ensure the career success of one. one spouse, typically the husband, can devote himself or herself fully to career pursuits because of the help and assistance received from his or her spouse. this help and assistance includes taking care of all family and domestic needs, but also often includes unpaid supportive roles (such as entertaining business colleagues) |
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| the shift of poverty to females, primarily as a result of high divorce rates and births to unmarried women |
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| people who spend at least 27 weeks in the labor force but whose incomes fall below the poverty threshold |
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| a social category composed of people whose status places them at an economic, social, and political disadvantage |
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| the culturally assigned role that a person is expected to perform based on male or female gender |
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| a rigidly held and oversimplified belief that all males and females possess distinctive psychological and behavioral traits as a result of their gender |
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| the psychological sense of whether one is male or female |
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| a form of social organization in which the mother or eldest female is recognized as the head of the family, kinship group, or tribe, and descent is traced through her |
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| a theory of human development that emphasizes the role of cognition (thought processes) in learning |
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| intensive mothering ideology |
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| the belief that children need full-time, unconditional attention from mothers to develop into healthy, well-adjusted people |
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| a supportive or emotional personality trait or characteristic |
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| a practical or task-oriented personality trait or characteristic |
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| the revelation of deeply personal information about oneself to another |
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| the idea that our cultural construction of love is based on mostly expressive qualities, more compatible with women's earlier socialization; more instrumental displays of love tend not to be recognized as love |
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| marriages built on principles of equity, equality, and "deep friendship" between spouses. Husbands and wives divide up housework and childcare more equally than is typical and exhibit high levels of empathy and communication |
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| a theory developed by Ira Reiss holding that love consists of four interdependent processes: rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency, and intimacy fulfillment |
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| jealousy that occurs when there is either no reason for suspicion or only ambiguous evidence that a partner is involved with another |
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| jealousy that occurs when a partner's past, present, or anticipated involvement with another is revealed |
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| irrational or phobic fear of gay men and lesbians |
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| the giving and receiving of sensual pleasure through nongenital touching |
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| inability or difficulty in achieving erection |
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| the inability to delay ejaculation after penetration |
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| the fear of failing in sexual encounters. It is probably the most important and immediate cause of erectile dysfunction in men and, to a lesser extent, of orgasmic dysfunctions in women |
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| nearness to another in terms of both physical space and time |
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| the tendency of newly married couples to overlook problems, including communication problems |
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| demand-withdraw communication |
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| a communication pattern in which one person makes an effort to engage the other person in a discussion of some issue of importance. The one raising the issue may criticize, complain, or suggest a need for change in the other's behavior or in the relationship. In response, the other party withdraws by either leaving the discussion, failing to reply or changing the subject |
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| marriage within a particular group |
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| marriage between those with similar social or personal characteristics |
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| stimulus-values-role theory |
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| a 3 stage theory of romantic development proposed by Bernard Murstein: 1-stimulus brings people together 2-value refers to the compatibility of basic values 3-role has to do with each person's expectations of how the other should fulfill his or her roles |
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| marriage type where the emphasis is on personal self-fulfillment more than marital commitment |
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| a marriage in which the partners have chosen not to have children |
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| a form of adoption in which the birth mother has an active part in choosing the adoptive parents; there is a certain amount of information exchanged between the birth mother and the adoptive parents and there may be some form of continuing contact between the birth mother, the child and the adoptive family following adoption |
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| the number of deaths for every 1000 live births |
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| Ralph LaRossa's term for the beliefs we have about the roles, responsibilities, and involvement of fathers in raising their children. LaRossa noted that these beliefs have changed more dramatically than has the conduct of fatherhood |
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| Men's actual participation in raising their children |
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| children who find themselves in a position of caregiving for a parent |
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| bifurcation of working time |
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| situation wherein some work longer and longer days and weeks while others work fewer hours than they want or need |
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| situation in which an individual feels as though they do not have enough time or spend enough time in certain roles or relationships |
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| the effect that employment has on time, energy, activities, and psychological functioning of workers and their families |
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| sexual harassment consisting of unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature as a condition of instruction or employment |
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| an environment created through sexual harassment in which the harassed person's ability to learn or work is negatively influenced by the harasser's action |
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| the process of worrying about one's baby, seeking and processing information on child care, and managing the division of infant care in the household |
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| two-earner households in which spouses work different, often non overlapping shifts, so that one partner is home while the other is at work |
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| any sexual interaction, including fondling, erotic kissing, oral sex, or genital penetration, that occurs between an adult (or older adolescent) and a prepubertal child |
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| the dissolution of marriage because of irreconcilable differences for which neither party is held responsible |
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| a male relative, family associate or mother's partner who acts like a father to her children |
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| a postdivorce family with children, consisting of the original nuclear family divided into 2 families, one headed by the mother, the other by the father; the 2 "new" families may be either single-parent or stepfamilies |
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| the shaping of individual behavior to conform to social or cultural norms |
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| a sociological theory that examines how society is organized and maintained by examining the functions performed by its different structures. in marriage and family studies, _____ examines examines the functions the family performs for society, the functions the individual performs for the family, and the functions the family performs for is members |
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| a social group's tendency to maintain internal stability or balance and to resist change |
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| a theory viewing family structure as created by the pattern of interactions between its various subsystems, and individual actions as being strongly influenced by the family context |
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| symbolic interaction theory |
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| a theory that focuses on the subjective meanings of acts and how these meanings are communicated through interactions and roles to give shared meaning |
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| a large group of people distinct from others because of cultural characteristics, such as language, religion, and customs, transmitted from one generation to another |
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| the different dimensions of day-to-day life that change in the process of marrying |
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| attachment theory of love |
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| a theory maintaining that the degree and quality of an infant's attachment to his or her primary caregiver is reflected in his or her love relationships as an adult |
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Definition
| the experience of having more prescribed activities in one or more roles than can be comfortably or adequately performed |
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| parents who are neither responsive to their children's needs nor demanding of them in their expectations |
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| authoritarian child-rearing |
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| a parenting style characterized by the demand for absolute obedience |
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| authoritative child rearing |
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| a parenting style that recognizes the parent's legitimate power and also stresses the child's feelings, individuality, and need to develop autonomy |
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| violence used by victims-more often women-as self defense |
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| attempts by one partner to dominate and control the other through escalating violence, threats of further violence, and emotional abuse. Such violence is most often committed by men, is likely to recur, escalate, and lead to injury or death |
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