Term
|
Definition
| A method of resolving labor and management differences in which a third party is brought in to settle the dispute and whose solution is legally binding and enforceable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonfinancial forms of compensation provided to employees, such as pension plans, health insurance, paid vacation and holidays, and the like. |
|
|
Term
| affirmative action programs |
|
Definition
| Legally mandated plans that try to increase job opportunities for minority groups by analyzing the current pool of workers, identifying areas where women and minorities are underrepresented, and establishing specific hiring and promotion goals, with target dates, for addressing the discrepancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monetary rewards offered by companies for exceptional performance as incentives to further increase productivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A labor tactic that attempts to keep people from purchasing the products of a company. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The negotiation process through which management and unions reach an agreement about compensation, working hours, and working conditions for the bargaining unit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compensation system that pays a fixed amount or a percentage of the employee’s sales. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of resolving labor and management differences in which a third party is brought in to keep the two sides talking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Training that augments the skills and knowledge of managers and professionals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The participation of different ages, genders, races, ethnicities, nationalities, and abilities in the workplace. |
|
|
Term
| human resources management |
|
Definition
| All the activities involved in determining an organization’s human resources needs as well as acquiring, training, and compensating people to fill those needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The determination, through observation and study, of pertinent information about a job, including specific tasks and necessary abilities, knowledge, and skills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A formal, written explanation of a specific job, including job title, tasks, relationships with other jobs, physical and mental skills required, duties, responsibilities, and working conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A description of the qualifications necessary for a specific job in terms of education, experience, and personal and physical characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formal, written document that spells out the relationship between the union and management for a specified period of time—usually two or three years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Employee organizations formed to deal with employers for achieving better pay, hours, and working conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Management’s version of a strike wherein a work site is closed so that employees cannot go to work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of resolving labor and management differences in which a third party is brought in to suggest or propose a solution to the problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Familiarizing newly hired employees with fellow workers, company procedures, and the physical properties of the company. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A public protest against management practices that involves union members marching (and carrying anti-management signs) at the employer’s plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of compensation whereby a percentage of company profits is distributed to employees whose work helped to generate them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Advancement to a higher level job with increased authority, responsibility, and pay. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forming a pool of qualified applicants from which management can select employees. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A financial reward calculated on a weekly, monthly, or annual basis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of collecting information about applicants and using that information to make hiring decisions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Employment changes involving resignation, retirement, termination, or layoff. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People hired by management to replace striking employees; called “scabs” by the striking union members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A labor tactic in which employees walk off the job. |
|
|
Term
| Title VII of the Civil Rights Act |
|
Definition
| A law that prohibits discrimination in employment and which created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teaching employees to do specific job tasks through either classroom development or on-the-job experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A move to another job within a company at essentially the same level and wage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Employment changes that occur when employees quit or are fired and must be replaced by new employees. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A study that tells a company how much compensation comparable firms are paying for specific jobs that the firms have in common. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Financial rewards based on the number of hours the employee works or the level of output achieved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Knowledge and positive or negative feelings about something. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The decision processes and actions of people who purchase and use products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A market segmentation approach whereby a company develops one marketing strategy for a single market segment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The integrated, accepted pattern of human behavior, including thought, speech, beliefs, actions, and artifacts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Making products available to customers in the quantities desired; sometimes referred to as “place” because it helps to remember the marketing mix as the “4 Ps.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The act of giving up one thing (money, credit, labor, goods) in return for something else (goods, services, or ideas). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in a person’s behavior based on information and experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of people who have a need, purchasing power, and the desire and authority to spend money on goods, services, and ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of individuals, groups, or organizations who share one or more characteristics and thus have relatively similar product needs and desires. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A strategy whereby a firm divides the total market into groups of people who have relatively similar product needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of activities designed to expedite transactions by creating, distributing, pricing, and promoting goods, services, and ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that an organization should try to satisfy customers’ needs through coordinated activities that also allow it to achieve its own goals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The four marketing activities—product, price, promotion, and distribution—that the firm can control to achieve specific goals within a dynamic marketing environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach that requires organizations to gather information about customer needs, share that information throughout the entire firm, and use that information to build long-term relationships with customers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A systematic, objective process of getting information about potential customers to guide marketing decisions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plan of action for developing, pricing, distributing, and promoting products that meet the needs of specific customers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A market segmentation approach whereby the marketer aims its efforts at two or more segments, developing a market strategy for each. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a person selects, organizes, and interprets information received from his or her senses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The organization of an individual’s distinguishing character traits, attitudes, or habits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A value placed on an object exchanged between a buyer and a seller. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A persuasive form of communication that attempts to expedite a marketing exchange by influencing individuals, groups, and organizations to accept goods, services, and ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marketing information that is observed, recorded, or collected directly from respondents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups with whom buyers identify and whose values or attitudes they adopt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Information that is compiled inside or outside an organization for some purpose other than changing the current situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ranking of people into higher or lower positions of respect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach whereby a firm tries to appeal to everyone and assumes that all buyers have similar needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specific group of consumers on whose needs and wants a company focuses its marketing efforts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of expectations for individuals based on some position they occupy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paid form of nonpersonal communication transmitted through a mass medium, such as television commercials or magazine advertisements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Designing a series of advertisements and placing them in various media to reach a particular target audience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of naming and identifying products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Products that are used directly or indirectly in the operation or manufacturing processes of businesses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The full introduction of a complete marketing strategy and the launch of a product for commercial success. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Products intended for household or family use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary price reductions often employed to boost sales. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The awarding by a manufacturer to an intermediary of the sole right to sell a product in a defined geographic territory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Products with no brand name that often come in plain, simple packages and carry only their generic name. |
|
|
Term
| integrated marketing communications |
|
Definition
| The process of coordinating the promotion mix elements and synchronizing promotion as a unified effort. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of market coverage whereby a product is made available in as many outlets as possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presentation of important information on the package. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brands initiated and owned by the manufacturer to identify products from the point of production to the point of purchase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of organizations that moves products from their producer to customers; also called a channel of distribution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The physical handling and movement of products in warehousing and transportation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The external container that holds and describes the product. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A low price designed to help a product enter the market and gain market share rapidly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct, two-way communication with buyers and potential buyers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the activities necessary to move products from producers to customers—inventory control, transportation, warehousing, and materials handling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charging the highest possible price that buyers who want the product will pay. |
|
|
Term
| private distributor brands |
|
Definition
| Brands, which may cost less than manufactured brands, which are owned and controlled by a wholesaler or retailer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of closely related products that are treated as a unit because of similar marketing strategy, production, or end-use considerations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the products offered by an organization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of promotion to create and maintain an image of a product in buyers’ minds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pricing strategy that encourages purchases based on emotional rather than rational responses to the price. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonpersonal communication transmitted through the mass media but not paid for directly by the firm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of promotion to create consumer demand for a product so that consumers exert pressure on marketing channel members to make it available. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attempt to motivate intermediaries to push a product down to their customers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree to which a good, service, or idea meets the demands and requirements of customers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediaries that buy products from manufacturers (or other intermediaries) and sell them to consumers for home and household use rather than for resale or for use in producing other products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct inducements offering added value or some other incentive for buyers to enter into an exchange. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of market coverage whereby only a small number of all available outlets are used to expose products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trial minilaunch of a product in limited areas that represent the potential market. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A brand that is registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and is thus legally protected from use by any other firm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The shipment of products to buyers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The design and operation of facilities to receive, store, and ship products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediaries that buy from producers or from other wholesalers and sell to retailers. |
|
|
