MANTLE

          the thickest layer of the earth and the one that        

contains the greatest mass of material

CRUST

the outermost layer of the earth

CARTOGRAPHY

The science or practice of drawing maps

GRANITE

most continental rocks 

CONTINENETAL DRIFT

the movement of the continental masses as a result of seafloor spreading

PANGAEA

the single continental landmass or supercontinent that existed about 400 million years ago it was composed of a northern portion, Laurasia, and a southern portion, Gondwanaland

PLATE TECHTONICS

A theory that explains the global distribution of geological phenomena such as seismicity, volcanism, continental drift, and mountain building in terms of the formation, destruction, movement, and interaction of the earth's lithospheric plates

MID-OCEAN RIDGE

a long mountain range that forms along cracks on the ocean floor where erupting magma breaks through the earth’s crust also known as ridge system

FAULTS

an area where the earth’s plates move past each other

TRANSFORM FAULTS

is a special kind of fault that is found in sections of the mid-ocean ridge each side of transform fault ids formed by different plate and the plates scrape against each other.

MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE

a very long narrow elevation on the ocean floor that runs all the way from Iceland in the North Atlantic to Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic

TRENCHES

are crease in the ocean floor where one plate plunges beneath another they are the deepest parts of the ocean floor trenches are found at the boundary between two lithospheric plates

SEDIMENT (TYPES OF) 

hydrogenous sediments, biogenous sediments, terrigenous sediments, cosmogenous sediments

Hydrogenous sediments- are sediments formed by the precipitation of dissolved minerals from sea water

Biogenous sediments- sediments formed from the hard parts of dead organisms

Terrigenous sediments- come from land and are washed into the sea

Cosmogenous sediments- are formed from dust and debris from outer space

 RIFT VALLEY

an area of high volcanic activity that runs along portions of a mid-ocean ridge

SEA-FLOOR SPREADING

the process by which magma driven by convention currents is turned back by lithosphere, moves laterally, and then descends, causing lateral movement of the earth’s crust

LITHOSPHERE

the part of the earth comprising the crust and upper mantle 

ASTHENOSPHERE

the region of the mantle that lies below the earth’s crust

SUBDUCTION

the region of the oceans floor where the old crust sinks to the earth’s core and is recycled

CONTINENTAL SHELF

the edge of continental landmass

CONTINENTAL SLOPE

the transition between the continental shelf and the deep floor of the ocean

CONTINENTAL RISE

a gentle slope at the base of a steep continental slope

SUBMARINE CANYONS

underwater canyon similar to canyons on land that are found on some continental slope

TOPOGRAPHY

physical features of the ocean floor 

ABYSSAL PLAIN

a flat feature that forms when suspended sediments settle 

ABYSSAL HILLS

a hill on the ocean floor formed by volcanic activity

SEAMOUNTS

a steep-sided formation that rises sharply from the ocean bottom

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GUYOTS

submerged flat-topped peak

HYDROTHRERMAL VENTS

is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots

CONVERGENT. VS. DIVERGENT

-Convergentregions of the ocean floor where the boundaries of lithospheric plates move toward each other and old lithosphere is destroyed

-Divergent regions of the ocean floor where the boundaries of lithospheric plates move apart as new lithosphere is formed

Greek

Developed sophisticated maps for sea flooring, first to predict tides based on the phases of the moon, earth was sphere, longitude and latitude system

Chinese

invented the magnetic compass, and also ships had innovations for modern ships (rudders and water tight compartments)

Europeans

·         Ferdinand Magellan known for being 1^st to circumnavigate the globe

·         Killed before voyage ended

John Harrison (EUROPEAN)

    Invented the chronometer which was a type of clock that determines longitude in the open sea

Matthew Maury

     Father of physical oceanography 1^st to envision worldwide patter for surface winds and currents

Charles Darwin

(HMS beagle) noted that coral reef grow in relatively shallow, warm, upper depths

Jacques Cousteau

Developed 1^st scuba system ( aqualung that delivered compressed air (not co2)

Aristotle (Greek)

1st to classify organisms and studied fish gills and determined that there were for gas exchange

LORAN

(LONG RANGE NAVIGATION) used radio signals transmitters to determine position

SONAR

A system for the detection of objects under water and for measuring the water's depth by emitting sound pulses and detecting or measuring their return after being reflected

GPS

(GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM) uses orbiting satellites most sophisticated ones display ships location, speed direction.

                          challenger II

               ship discovered deepest point on earth 

                               Trieste

deep boat manned submersible went to challenger's deep

                                 Alvin

submersible found titanic descends 4,500m/14,764 most  famous over 150 dives per year

                              Atlantis 

ship comfirmed existance of mid-atlantic ridge and supports alvin

                       Biological oceanography 

 the disturbution and abudance of different types of marine life and how they influence and intract with processes in the ocean.

                     Chemical oceanography

               Behavior of the chemical elements

                    Geological oceanography

Investigates ocean floor,coasts,sea floor spreading, plate tectonics

Physical oceanography

motions and physical properties ( temp, waves, currents, winds)

 There is % of land and % of water on earth

29% land 

71% water

continental margin

      zone of transition between continent and ocean

Basalt

mineral that makes up the sea floor (oceanic crust)

                                  granite 

                       most continental rocks

                                  salinity

is the total amount of dissolved solids in water

temperature

Is a reflection of the speed of molecules

Density

           mass in a given volume of a substance

coriolis effect

force caused by earth's rotation on it's axis

objects in the air will appear to veer to the right of its intended path in the northern hemisphere

ocean currents 

Are mases of water that continuously flow from one place to the other

                             Deep currents

Vertical currents of the ocean that result from density variation

surface currents

H2O flows horizontally in upper part of the ocean 

Gyre

huge circular moving current systems that dominate the surfaces of the oceans: surface curents

upwelling

vertical movement of water when cold water rises from deeper layers because of wind

*occurs where the coast is steep*

seiche

standing wave caused by disturbance which causes water to move back and forthin an enclosed body of water

rogue wave

wave that exceeds the maxium theoritical size in fully developed sea

progessive waves

waves which travel in a particular direction at a certain speed=your typical wind

swell

wind generated waves at sea

                             wave refraction

surface waves entering shallow or shoaling water at an angle tend to be refracted or bent 

                           wave diffraction

type of bending wave but here the wave bend as they pass between object in their path

                            wave reflection

when a wave hits a vertical barrier it is bounced or reflected back to sea with relatively little loss of energy

Breaking wave 

a wave begins to " feel bottom" begins to break when water is 1/2 it's wavelength

spilling wave

relatively flat, very gently slopping bottom, waves break over long distance

plunging breaker 

intermidate to moderate steepness

surging wave 

steeper slope usually occurs base of cliff seawall here the wave may not really break

tides

periodic rise and fall of the ocean surface due to gravitational pulls of the moon and sun

spring tides

occurs twice a month happens when moon ,sun ,and earth align and causes tides to be extra high/low

neap tides

happens when moo0n and sun aren't aligned (quarter moon phase) not very high/low tides

Diurnal tide

 2 Changes 1 high and 1 low tide per day 

Semidiurnal tide

2 highs and 2 lows per day

mixed semidiurnal tide

2 highs and lows but different heights

Ebb tide

outgoing falling tide

tidal currents

very fast ,swift rising and fallling of tides- can be dangerous

tidal bore

an actual tide wave as water rushes from large to small area ( 60 in the whole wide world)

wave

energy moving along the interface between ocean and atmosphere

crest

highest part of the wave above sea level

trough

lowest part of a wave that is below the sea surface

wavelength

distance between two sucessive crests

period

time for 2 successive crests(1 wavelength) to pass fixed point

speed 

distance wave travels per time 

height

vertical distance between trough and a suceeding crest

amplitude

distance a wave moves above or below level half the wave height

food web

combination of many food chains many animals eat more then just one food 

food chain

transferred energy through organism

Autotroph 

get energy from non-living environment make their own food

(algae)

                                Heterotrophs

eat other organism to get energy

Interspecific competition

competition between species

Intraspecific competition

competition within species

Ecological niche

every aspect of species lifestyle

fundemental niche

broadest possible niche 

predation

act of 1 organsim hunting and consuming another

coevulution

one species will evolve in respond to another one

symbiosis

when a species lives in close association with each other 

commensalism

one species obtains shelter,food, or some other benefit without effecting the other species

parasitism

one species benefits at the expense of another

mutulism 

both species benefit (cleaning association)

consumer

heterotrophs that consumes an autotroph or another heterotroph

species

organism that can share similar characteristics and can interbreed

population

group of indivuals of same species living together

Estuaries

semi-enclosed areas where fresh water and sea water meet and mix

Drowned river valleys

Formed when sea level rose due to ice melting at end of last ice age

chesapeake bay mouths of delware

Bar-built estuary

accumalation of sediments , bulids up sand bar and barrier walls acts as wall 

(singer island)

Tectonic estuaries

Result from movements of earth's crust

(san francisco bay in california)

fjord

created when glaciers cut deep valleys along the coast

(alaska , southwest chile, british columbia, south island, new zealand)

passive margins

have broad well-developed estuaries with flat coastal palms and wide continental shelf

(atlantic coast of north america)

Active margins

narrow river mouths carved along steep coast have restricted the formation of estuaries 

(pacific coast of N.A)

red mangrove

lives right on the shoreline roots grow straight down to anchor- good habitat for juvenille fish

black mangrove

lives further inland than the red mangrove

white mangroves

live the furthest inland

not salt tolerant

antartic

is a continent surrounded by a ocean

arctic

the arctic is an ocean surrounded by continents