Term
| How long have animals been present on earth? |
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Definition
- 800 million years
- since there was enough oxygen to support them
- relatively recent addition |
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Term
| How is an animal different from a plant? |
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Definition
- plants make their own food/oxygen (primary producers)
- animal only use food/oxygen
- animals are possible bc plants make more food than they can use and store the balance in fruit, veggies, leaves, seeds, themselves |
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Term
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Definition
- oxygen level from 1% to 20%
- made aerobic respiration practical, speeding the disassembly of food molecules early animals obtained by eating autotrophs
- overwhelmed the ocean'a ability to absorb oxygen by binding it with other minerals
- created ozone that blocked sun's ultraviolet radiation from reaching earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
- oxygen level from 1% to 20%
- made aerobic respiration practical, speeding the disassembly of food molecules early animals obtained by eating autotrophs
- overwhelmed the ocean'a ability to absorb oxygen by binding it with other minerals
- created ozone that blocked sun's ultraviolet radiation from reaching earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
ex: sponges
characteristics: collar cells (suspension feeders) |
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Term
| Phylum Cnidaria Examples: |
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Definition
| Jellyfish (medusae), sea anemones(polyps with no skeleton), corals (polyps with calcaeous skeleton), siphonophores |
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Term
| Phylum Cnidaria Characteristics: |
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Definition
Characteristics:
1. cnidoblasts: "nettles" or retractable stinger threads with toxins that immobilize prey and draw it towars the mouth
2. radial symmetry
3. two layers of cells: gastrodermis (digestion and reproduction) and epidermis (capturing prey and protection) |
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Term
| How do Biologists define success? |
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Definition
- ONLY by offspring number
- a phylum that does not reproduce is a FAILURE |
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Term
| What is the most successful phylum? |
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Definition
- Arthropods
- by any measure of success (biomass, number of species, number of individuals) they are the most successful
- there are more of them than all other animal groups combined |
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Term
| What are the most successful vertebrates? |
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Definition
- fishes
- there are more species of and individual fishes than any other species of vertebrates combined |
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Term
| Marine birds characteristics: |
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Definition
- extremely efficient wings
- light in weight for their size
- salt glands to remove salt from their blood (never need to drink fresh water)
- navigate using sight, magnetism, and smell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| whales that have baleen plates (a fibrous protein-carbohydrate material used to sieve zooplankton from the water) |
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Term
| Which kind of whale is larger? |
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Definition
- Mysticete are largest ON AVERAGE
- largest Odontoceti (sperm whale) is larger than the smallest Mysticete (minke whale)
- |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
sirenians:
What do they eat?
Where do they live? |
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Definition
- dugongs and manatees
- world's largest herbivorous marine mammals
- evolved from same ancestors as modern ungulates
- eat sea grasses, marine algae, and estuarine plants
- live in coastal temperate tropical waters of North America, Asia and Africa |
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Term
| What is the MOST valuable resource taken from the ocean |
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Definition
| oil (petroleum) and natural gas |
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Term
| What is the second most valuable resource? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are marine resources easily accessible? |
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Definition
- No!
- It's always harder to get resources from the ocean than to find and mine them on land
- BUT, as resources become more scarce, there is economic incentive to find them at sea |
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Term
% of crude oil used by humans that comes from seabed:
%natural gas: |
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Definition
2004: 34% of crude oil
2004: 28% natural gas |
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Term
| What is the age of the earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of earth's surface is covered by ocean? |
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Definition
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Term
primary productivity:
how it is expressed? |
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Definition
-synthesis of organic materials (carbs--glucose) from inorganic materials (carbon) using the process of photosynthesis
-gC/m2/yr |
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Term
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Definition
| minute, drifting photosynthetic organisms; produce 90-96% of ocean's carbohydrates |
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Term
| How does sun heat earth's ocean and atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Unevenly. More solar energy near equator than near poles. Atmosphere moves in response to diff. in heating |
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Term
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Definition
Northen hemisphere: moving objects move to the right (clockwise)
Southern hemisphere: to the left (counterclockwise) |
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Term
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Definition
earth's atmosphere circulation is broken up into 6 different circuits (3 in each hemisphere); direction of movement determined by coriolis effect
polar
westerlies
northeasterlies
southeasterlies
westerlies
polar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What do waves transmit across ocean's surface?
How do water molecules move? |
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Definition
- waves transmit energy, not water mass
- H20 molecules move in closed circuits as wave passes |
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Term
How are ocean waves classified?
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
1. disturbing force that creates them
2. extent to which disturbing force continues once waves form
3. wavelength |
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Term
| wave speed is proportional to: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| strains plankton and tiny organic food particles from surrounding water (collar cells) |
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Term
| Phylum Platyhelminthes Examples/Characteristics: |
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Definition
1. flatworms: lack true respiratory or excretory system; necessarily thin b/c gases must be exchanged and wastes eliminated through animal's surface
2. flukes
3. tapeworms: parasitic
- simple brain connects nervous system to eyespots, only capable of sensing light and dark
- bilateral symmetry |
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Term
| Phylum Nematoda Examples/Characteristics: |
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Definition
1. round worms
- flow-through digestive system
- most successful of worm phyla
- live in soft sediments in astonishing numbers
- exist as parasites in nearly all vertebrates and some invertebrates |
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Term
| Phylum Annelida Examples/Characteristics: |
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Definition
1. segmented worms
- Metamerism: body divided into nearly identical rings/segments, each capable of having its own nervous/cirulatory/muscular/excretory/reproductive system; some segments specialized for different tasks |
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Term
| Phylum Mollusca Examples: |
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Definition
| clam(bivalve, suspension feeder) , squid (cephalopod, predator), snail (gastropod, suspension, grazer, pred) |
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Term
| Phylum Mollusca Characteristics: |
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Definition
- 80,000 species, 2nd in size to arthoropods
- share common ancestry with annelids
- bilaterally symmetrical, obvious heads, flow through digestion, developed nervous systems
- BUT, achieve great size, many have shells, exhibit structural diversity
- eyesight, intelligence |
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Term
| Phylum Arthoropoda Examples: |
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Definition
crabs
shrimp
barnacles
copepods
krill |
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