Term
| what can males offer females in polygny? |
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Definition
| territory, food, helping with parental care//they use display |
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Term
| why is serially monogyny useful? |
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Definition
| males make sure females are pregnant |
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Term
| when is promiscuity common? |
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Definition
| when neither gender controls a resource |
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Term
| when is promiscuity common? |
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Definition
| when neither gender controls a resource |
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Term
| what occurs in promiscuity? |
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Definition
| male/male agression////sperm competition |
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Term
| what does a large penis indicate? (example) |
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Definition
| sperm competition (gray whale) |
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Term
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Definition
| internal reproductive organs. nexus of veins that wrap around testes that are cool from surface. this is an adaption |
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Term
|
Definition
| extra vaginal folds dont let sea water in and keep sperm in. |
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Term
| how to tell apart females and males |
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Definition
| males have genital slit closer to umbilicus, females have it closer to anal slit. |
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Term
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Definition
| promiscous. territories are set up along migration line. solo, so finding mate is hard. congregate in same mating ground (feed in north, move to south to give birth) |
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Term
| mysticete example of male/male aggression |
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Definition
| Humpbacks. use song to attract females and threaten males from territories |
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Term
| Odontocete: courtship and mating |
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Definition
| stick together bc of complex feeding strategies. can go into estrus any time throughout year bc males are always nearby. |
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Term
| which mating system does odontocetes use? (exceptions) |
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Definition
| usually promiscuous. some are sexually dimorphic and thus harem forming (sperm whale) |
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Term
|
Definition
| male gets under female, over in less than a minute |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| tail first so they don't drown. mother and helper aunts help calf to surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| mother and calf start talking so they can ID each other |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| length of mysticetes nursing |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| length of odontocete nursing |
|
Definition
| up to 15 years (it is very difficult to learn how to hunt) |
|
|
Term
| if you are nursing are you reproducing? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how fast do mystecetes grow? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mysticetes sexual maturation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| odontocetes sexual maturation |
|
Definition
10-20 years large ones
2-3 years small ones
(females reach sexual maturity before males in sexually dimorphic species) |
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Term
| How to tell how old odontocetes are/how old they can be |
|
Definition
| dentine (rings in teeth) 15-80 years |
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|
Term
| how to tell how old mysticetes are/their age |
|
Definition
| rings of wax in waxy ear plugs// humpbacks live about 30 years, fin whales live about 90 years |
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Term
|
Definition
| nipples in armpit/all sexual organs are retractable |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
manatees-12months
dugongs-13 months |
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Term
|
Definition
| calves stay with mother for 2 years//calves produced every 3-5 years///male manatees reach sexual maturity 10 years, females 8 years |
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Term
|
Definition
manatees lose teeth (impossible to date)
dugongs dont loose their molars (live up to 70 years) |
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Term
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Definition
| phocids and odobenids have internal testes. odariids have external testes (they are more closely related to their land ancestors) |
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Term
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Definition
| penis bone. pinnipeds use this. all other marine mammals use muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| beaches. 19 species mate on land/ all are sexually dimorphic (monk seal and harbor seal are not sexually dimorphic bc they dont mate on land) |
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Term
|
Definition
| once a pinniped is born and mates on a site, they always return |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| use dominance to fight over females |
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Term
| pinnipeds that mate on ice |
|
Definition
| 13 species. most are serially monogamous bc its hard to find ice (10 of 13). |
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Term
| pinniped pack ice = monogamy//excpet which exceptions |
|
Definition
walrus (sexaully dimorphic) polygony
hooded seal (sexaully dimorphic) polygony |
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Term
| pinniped fast ice = monogamy except which exception |
|
Definition
| weddell seal. females congreagate around ice holes. males sit there waiting to mate. |
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Term
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Definition
| delayed implantation. sperm fertalizes egg, and then development stops. when conditions are more favorable, it implansts into uturus. |
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Term
| phocids and otariids give birth once a year. what about odobenids? |
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Definition
| they give birth every 2-3 years |
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Term
|
Definition
40-50% fat. nurse for short period (days to months)
hooded seal nurses for 4 days and doubles in size |
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Term
|
Definition
| 25-30% fat. nurse up to a year. odobenids can nurse up to a year. |
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|
Term
| pinniped sexual maturation |
|
Definition
females 3-5 years
males 5-7 years |
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|
Term
| calorie dist in pinnipeds |
|
Definition
| nervous system, fat, muscle, bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| male between 1-2 that has been weaned |
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Term
|
Definition
| pinniped male that gets nursed by more than one female by accident. can grow 2x regular size. does not show any extra sucess. |
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Term
|
Definition
| males have retractable penises. females have retractable nipples. otters give birth to one pup. |
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Term
|
Definition
| polygny. males are solitary |
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Term
|
Definition
| delayed implantation. pups born in 1-2 year intervals. (1 year in CA) (2 years in Alaska) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pups stay with mother. 6 months in CA, 1 year in Alaska. sexual maturation at 5 years for both males and females |
|
|
Term
| sea otter life expectancy |
|
Definition
females: 20 years
males: 10-15 years |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (direct: observation/whaling) (Indirectly: stranding/look at stomach contents/stomach pumping/feces) |
|
|
Term
| specialist feeders (examples) |
|
Definition
| very narrow range of food. (walruses eat clams) (sperm whale eats giant squid) |
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|
Term
| generalist feeders (examples) |
|
Definition
| eat almost anything. (killer whales eat almost everything) |
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Term
|
Definition
| primary producers---primary consumers---secondary consumers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mysticete. whales swim in circles under krill. they blow bubbles around them, they cant get out. the whales go through the net and feed |
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Term
|
Definition
| mysticete feeding strategy. takes in water and strains krill out. whispy balene |
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Term
|
Definition
| mysticete feeding strategy. enormous gulps of water and then push water out (feed for a few minutes and then done). middle of the road balene. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| using balene to dig through mud for food items. coarsest balene |
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Term
|
Definition
| the space and time in which an organism exists |
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|
Term
| sea otter numbers in alaska |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the otariid species drop, bird species shoot up. because they compete for space |
|
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Term
| why did it take us until the 80s to figure out about the birds vs. pinnipeds? |
|
Definition
marine mammal protection act
endangered species list
CA coast initiative |
|
|
Term
| marine mammal physiology requirements |
|
Definition
| breath air. temp regulation. water regulation. |
|
|
Term
| adaptions for breathing air |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| adaptions for temp regulation |
|
Definition
| blubber//surface area to volume ratio//surface capilaries and testes (RETES): every artery is surrounded by veins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| can collapse lungs while diving |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased hemoglobin and myoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body fluids have a lower salt concentration than their surroundings |
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