above the high tide zone, splash zone (few meters)

specialized species 

edge of continent 

about 200m worldwide 

200m to 4000/5000m

very steep 

the angle is consistent

not a lot of fauna changes 

foothill

5000-6000m

depth of 6000m

very distinct abyssal fauna

flat and big

not big in area but deep

6000m-11000m

no change in fauna from plain to trench

top 200m

water over the shelf

two kinds - neretic and oceanic

most of the primary production 

200m-1000m

main transition zone

1000m-4000m

largest habitat on the planet

very particular fauna

4000m-6000m

pressures aren't different but fauna is

water in the trenches

very similar to the abyssopelagic

drift in water column 

phytoplankton and zooplankton

most of the primary production takes place 

primary producers

diatoms - silica shells

dinoflagellates - symbiosis, red tide

undergo blooms

haloplankton - entire life

meroplankton - larval stage, almost all inverts

collect in nets - different meshes 

swim in water column

only squid

crawl on bottom

on top or infauna (buried)

meiofauna <0.5mm

macrofauna >0/5mm

CO₂

HCO₃^-

CO₃^2-

H₂O

Ca²⁺

Mg²⁺

K⁺

Cl^-

SO₄^2-

salinity 

units, ocean, extremes

units - ppt and practical salinity units (psu)

ocean salinity - 35 (range 31-39)

hypersaline  >40

brackish <25

Tidepools 0-120

Bays 0-60

depth at which calcium dissolves

3000-4000m

bottom composition - above 5000m is calcium, below is silica

physiological changes - ion, water, metabolism

shell formation - calcium carbonate, silica, strontium sulfate

stenoic - narrow

euryoic - wide 

Temperature

thermocline, cold core ring, surface waters

thermocline - rapid change (usually 500m)

cold core rings - cold water surrounded by warmer

surface water warmer at equator 

surface water near land is 30 degrees

sloshing affect - warm water sloshes to america

regular cycles

normal - hot near japan

el nino - winds push warm to US (downwelling)

la nina - winds push cold to japan (upwelling)

enzymes

metabolism

tolerance (coral bleaching)

Dissolved Oxygen

correlation, changes, hypoxic, profile, OMZ

higher temp/sal = lower DO

change during season or time of day

problems occur at 3-5

depth profile - decreases with depth

oxygen minimum zone - lowest point

metabolism

Mississippi Dead Zone

pH

range, importance, trend

7.8-8.2

affects CaCO₃^- formation

ocean acidification has lag affect - problem for long time

pressure

unit, correlation, importance

1 atm

increases with depth (33ft = 1atm)

importance - enzyme changes (no gas problems)

light

depth correlation, levels, absorption

decreases with depth

euphotic - high light - <2-200m

disphotic - low light - down to 800m

aphotic - no light

wavelength absorption is not equal - red drops off first

photosynthesis doesn't occur from green to blue - color of ocean

food web

sensory - light detection

protection - red zone

diurnal/nocturnal activity cycles

Waves

causes, correlation, movement

wind speed, duration, fetch, seismic 

wind speed increases, wave height increases

water motion is circular stacked in columns

energy moves, not the water

depth has affect on motion

wave curls when depth is less than half the wave

breakers are where wave depth hits bottom

waves

energy impact factors

wave size - small to large

frequency - decreased to increase

shore slope - shallow to deep

shore composition - soft to hard

morphology - change to adapt

distribution - even micro-distribution

tides

cause, types, patterns, importance

sun, moon, earth

neap tide - half moons, smaller tidal range

spring tides - full and new moons, large tidal range

diurnal - one high, one low

semidiurnal - two highs, two lows

mixed - changes

importance - feeding and reproduction

currents

causes, depth profile, affects

wind, density, topography, tides, rotation (Coriolis)

different at different depths

surface currents affects climates

warm and cold core rings

currents 

Gyres

north pacific

south pacific

north atlantic

south atlantic

indian ocean

circum-antarctic current

northern hemisphere - clockwise

southern hemisphere - counterclockwise

based on climate in indian ocean

travels from high to low areas of pressures

reverses based on wind direction

water moves at a right angle from direction wind blows

winds from the north - upwelling

more DOM

winds from the south - downwelling

shut down productivity

current

global conveyor belt

driven largely by north atlantic

water sinks and rises throughout the planet

high salinity water cools and sinks in n. atlantic

deep water returns to the surface in the indian and pacific through upwelling

current

importance to inverts

feeding 

dispersal

SW/FW interface

creates brackish

usually river mouths

we colonize them cause we're dumb

bays - surrounded by land except narrow opening 

deltas - point of land that juts out into water

interface between ocean and land

salt marshes - productive, spartina grasses, low wave activity

mangroves - red, black, white, buttonwood

rocky shores - solid (bedrock), tide pools

beach - wave activity determines grain size

sandy - usually low energy, movement, profile

pebble-cobble - increased wave activity, narrow strips

cobble-boulder - high energy, points sticking out into water

soft bottom - mud, sand, oozes, sea grasses

hard bottom - rock/kelp, reefs (coquina, oyster, worm, coral)

4.4by - earth formed (final formation)

3.8by - prokaryotes

2by - eukaryotes

570my - cambrian explosion

65my - creaceous extinction - dinosaurs sacrificed themselves, bivalves replaced by corals

single-celled

reticulopodia - net-like

shells are CaCO₃^-

color is symbiant

planktonic

benthic

food web

occur in large numbers in the ocean

oozes 500-1500m deep (above CaCO₃^-)

lots form with algae

give color and some food

huge record

chalk, limestone deposits

found near oil deposits

shell made of SrSO₄

test have 20 radial spicules

dominate group

SiO₂ - glass

verity of different forms 

single celled

inner capsule - animal lives in between tests

large spikes on shell

axopodia - pseudopod

particulate feeders

small particles

food web

oozes >2000m deep

symbiosis 

occur in large numbers

really good record

climate - help reconstruct past

Gregarinea

single large cells

0.5-2mm

kind of look like elliptical shape

parasitic inside inverts

usually digetstive system or the cilium

trophozoite - primary feeding stage, attached

gametocyst - 2 trophozoits fuse (1N), nuclei fuse (2N), nuclei function as oocysts

sporozoits - meiosis takes place inside gametocyst, form 1N sporozoits, protective cases for oocysts

single celled

diverse in appearance

some have test

cilia

have macro (one) and micronuclei (multiple)

planktonic

benthic

parasitic

food web

tintinnids

single celled

may form small colony

rounded flask shaped cell body

collar at entrance that forms a sieve

1 long flagella

may have lorica (shell) of cellulose or silica

planktonic

few benthic

very small particles

flagella beats, creates current

pulls water into the collar

minor part of food web

ancestors lead to porifera

multicellular, not complex

distinct cell types

no organs

non-living parts - spicules and spongin fibers

living cells - later card

spicules - most common, very hard

spongin fibers - protein fibers, flexible

outside layer

skin

occur in most of the classes

feeding

water flow (L/day)

looks like Choanomonada

structure

collagen fibers (not spongin)

motile cells

clean inside of sponge

garbage people

motile

turn into any other cell type

magic cell

active all the time

secrets spicules

shale is really important

secretes spongin fibers

not all sponge have this

one body cavity - spongocoel

small pores to outside - ostia

opening at top - osculum

can have multiple osculum

very small

lobbed

the lobes are pockets off of the spongocel that contain the choanocytes

very similar to ascon

very small

swiss cheese

cavities throughout entire cell that are filled with choanocytes

no discrete spongocel 

benthic

attached

organs absent

diffusion

ammonia

diffusion

no specialized cells

canal system moves a lot of water throughout the sponge

diploid

very similar 

most monoecious (both male/female at same time)

eggs often held, sperm released

amphiblastula - squared off footballs with cilia at one end

parenchymella - fat dum-bell with cilia at both ends

none

communication does happen

it's all chemical

reefs - builders and destroyers

eaten by some fish and turtles

symbiosis - bacteria and zooxanthellae, home for larger inverts

regeneration - magic

natural products

made of CaCO₃

have 1, 3, 4 rays

ray represents the way the spicules is laid down by the sclerocytes

spongin - absent

low diversity

relatively small

do occur on reefs, both shallow and deep

silica

6 rays - looks like toy jack

fuse to form larger strucutre - lattice

may have mud anchors

spongin - absent 

sycon-leucon mix

sheets of cells rather than individual groups

missing pinacocytes

mud or reef

deep water - 100m plus

symbiosis - shrimp

silica

1,3 rays

unfused

huge variety of spicule types

spongin - present or absent

combinations with spicules occurs in all variations 

most important group

all oceans - especially common in reefs

sponge belt

CaCO₃ outside

kind of like MnMs

literally hard as a rock

add physical structure to reefs

found on ledges

larger inverts

commensalism

diploblastic

radial symmetry

tentacles with cnidocytes

nematocyst

epidermis - nerve net and muscles

mesoquela - jelly

gastrodermis - digestive system and muscles 

stinging cells

defensive and food collection

requires physical contact to fire - trigger mechanism

"bad" sting is density dependent 

dimorphic

polyp - benthic, attached to the bottom or just on, singular or colonial

medusa - may/not be present, only jellyfish, planktonic

blind gastrovascular cavity

no intestines

carnivores - small prey items

diffusion

ammonia

diploid

monocious - both in one

dioecious - separate sexes

planula larva to start - oval football

asexual budding - forms colony

nerve net

scattered throughout the entire body

no centralized ganglia or brain

medusa - has oceli (light), may have statocysts (balance)

food web, both planktonic and benthic

reefs - corals

many with zooxanthellae

jellyfish

mesoglea - no cells

gsatrodermis - no cnidocytes

polyp - often colonial

medusa - velum (shelf), no rhopalia (sensory organs in one spot), small - few cm or smaller

life cycle - planula to actinula (tiny anemone)

medusa, usually no polyp

tentacles on bell margin

margin is smooth line

ring of tissue with nematocysts on the bell

statocysts are present (margin)

gonads on radial canals inside bell

deep water plankton

medusa, no polyp

few cm in size

tentacles on bell surface, not margin

margin is lobed

statocysts present on lobes

deep water

simple medusa

reduced bell with tentacles

few mm in size

interstitial - between sand grains

hydroids

grow on blades of grass

potent stingers

polyp - colonial

medusa - no statocyst, taller than wide, margin smooth, tentacles may be clumped, few mm, gonads on manubrium (stomach)

coenosarc - tube that runs from base to the polyp

perisarc is the covering

athecate - perisarc stops at base of polyp

zooids

dactylozooid - specializes in defense and feeding, bigger, nematocyst

gonozooid - produce medusa

gastrozooid - digestion

blue button

size of a quarter

tentacles around bell

oblong 

2-3 inches long

blue/purple

has sail on top

fire coral

potent stingers

secretes CO₃ into the perisarc

builders of coral reefs

love shallow waters (damnit)

hydroids

look like fuzzy things

polyp - colonial, thecate (perisarc covers polyp)

medusa - often attached to polyp, flat plate-like, wider than tall, margin is smooth, gonads on radial canals

plankton

food web

high in numbers

fouling community - grow on structures