Term
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Definition
| geological cruise that took sediment cores |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested that all the continets has once been joined |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how far does the sea floor spread a year? how much does a finger nail grow? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| look like black smoke rising out of earth becuase of the minterals. sulfur bacteria used for chemosynthesis. The first floor vents found were in the East Pacific Rise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, aritc and Southern (Antartic) |
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Term
| Average depth of the ocean |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| physical boundary between nohtern and southern halves of the coean basins...divides north and south current patterns...many organisms can't cross the equator |
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Term
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Definition
| North and south equatorial current weakens and equatorial counter current strengthens |
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Term
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Definition
| 140 nations to help with Green House Effects |
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Term
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Definition
| long lasting and predictable |
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Term
| Major __________of hte atmosphere push the sea surface |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can be seen in seasons..differences in heating cases wind. As air si heated it rises. As air rises, adjacent air enters where the warmer air left..this occurs around the equator...wind moving over water creates current. |
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Term
| which direction does the earth rotate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hang around the bottom but can leave and come back as they please |
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Term
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Definition
| organsim community that are benthis (bottom dwellers) |
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Term
| 3 divisions of marine environment |
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Definition
distance from land (horizontally)
water depth (vertically)
whether the organsisms are benthic or pelagic |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms not assocaited with the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| land mass that is continuous with what we stand on ....deepens at a gradual rate |
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Term
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Definition
| beyond continental shelf break |
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Term
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Definition
| between high and low tide (beech) |
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Term
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Definition
| epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssal zone, abyssal plain |
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Term
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Definition
| Neritic Province, Oceanic Province |
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Term
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Definition
| littoral, sublittoral (continental shelf), continental slope (bathyal zone), abyssal plain |
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Term
| what is between the continetnal shelf and the continental slope? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the pelagic environment divided? |
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Definition
| neritic province and oceanic province |
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Term
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Definition
| pelagic environment that lies over the shelf (also called costal zone) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pelagic waters beyond the shelf break |
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Term
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Definition
| epipelagic mesopelagic bathypelagic abyssal |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as littoral zone |
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Term
| the subtidal zone is ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| vertical pelagic zonation is based on ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shallowest zone with plenty of light for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| not enough lightto support photosynthesis...on the brightest day it is an area of twilight with light extending to ~ 1,200meters |
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Term
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Definition
| 4,000 meters to the bottom...flat abyssal plain... |
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Term
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Definition
| below 4,000 meters...trenches to more than 6,000 meters (more than three miles deep!!) |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms living on the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| (benthos) live on the bottom or buried in it...some are sessile (attached) while others are mobile |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| living buried in the bottom of the sea floor |
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Term
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Definition
| live in the water column away from the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| # of viable offspring entering a population of concern |
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Term
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Definition
| planktonic plances and other autotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| animal plankton carried from place to place |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that can swim out of water currents |
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Term
| most numerous organisms on earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| water accounts for _____ to ____ of the volume of most marine organisms vs ____ in humans |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is ment by high heat capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
| _________increases with decreasing temperature above ____ degrees C |
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Definition
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Term
| water density _________below 4 degree C |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the thickness of water....affects sinking |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen molecules are getting rapped and freeze in space and ...thus...ice floats....density decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| mixing (allows for heat transfer) |
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Term
| heat capacity: in the ocean, heat is transferred from place to place by |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| molecular excahgne of heat (photons impart enegry to water molecules) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the number of inorganic salts per kiilogram of water (g/L) |
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Term
| sea salt accounts for ________ of all dissolved salts |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 kg of sea water contains_____of salt |
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Definition
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Term
| average salinity of the ocean |
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Definition
| 35 g/kg (parts per thousand) |
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Term
| PS organisms must remain in the |
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Definition
| euphotic, photic, true lit zone |
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Term
| the depth of the photic zone is determined by |
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Definition
| how rapidly seawater absorbs light and converts it to heat energy |
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Term
| below the photic zone is the _____ zone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the measure of things that are deminishing |
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Term
| if plankton utilize light there is _____ light ________them |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 factors that deminish teh amount of light available for PS |
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Definition
1. suspended sediments
2. concentrated plankton populations
3. clouds, dust, fog
4. angle of incident light/ reflection
5. dissolved substances
6. season, time of day, latitude |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| high heat capacity limits marine temperatures to a much _________ range than land temps |
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Definition
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Term
| the distribution of various forms fo marine lgiht is closely asociated with ___________in seawater temperatures |
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Definition
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Term
| surface ocean temperatures appear to reside in _________ trending marine climatic zones |
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Definition
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Term
| warmer water is ______dense than cold water |
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Definition
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Term
| density ___________as temperature decreases or ________increases |
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Definition
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Term
| why does salinity increase as temperature decreases? |
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Definition
| because ice isn't salty...the water freezes leaving behind the ice causing salinity to increase |
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Term
| _____________ drives the circulation of water in teh deep portions of ocean basins |
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Definition
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Term
| for every 10 meters of depth, ATM of pressue is increases by ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in terms of pressure...marine organisms are exposed to |
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Definition
| the weight of the water around them and atmospheric weight |
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Term
| 10 meters = ________ feet |
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Definition
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Term
| @ ________ deep water comes up carrying nutrients for phytoplankton |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| three most importan gases fr life in the ocean are |
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Definition
| oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen |
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Term
| 70-80% of our atmosphere is composed of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| water is consumed by _________througout the water column |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 500-1000m (no oxygen produced) |
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Term
| Animal ___________ and _____________ decomposition use oxygen as fast as it cna be replaced |
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Definition
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Term
| animals who live in the oxygen minimal zone must __________________ to find oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| since water mixes only several hundred meters what does oxygen get to the bottom? |
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Definition
| sinking surface water carries oxugen to the bottom and as does circulation caused by changes in water density |
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Term
| circulation caused by changes in water density |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| North Atlantic Deep Water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| upwelling is due to __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| disolved nurtients include |
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Definition
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Term
| liberation of any nutrient atom back to the water is ______________ or ______________ |
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Definition
| regeneration or remnieralization |
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Term
| phosphorus is gained through (4 things) |
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Definition
| liberation from cells, voiding partially digensted feces, simple leakage through body surfaces, bacterial deconposition |
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Term
| proteins, DNA, RNA, chlorophyll all contain _________which means life or death for many organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| what is often the critically deficient nutrient in marine systems? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| nitrite bacteria which convert ammonium to nitrite |
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Term
|
Definition
| nitrate bacteria which convert nitrite to nitrate |
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Term
| excretory waste vs digestive waste |
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Definition
uric acid, urea, ammonia vs
waste that is still useable as nutrient sources to other organsisms |
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Term
| plant and animal decomposition release ______________ and ___________ |
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Definition
| ammonium and organic nitrogen |
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Term
| the most intense motion of the ocean occurs ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| currents and waves are driven by _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the earth is rotating from west toward the east and anything moving over hte surface tends to be bent towad one side rather than moving in a straight line. In the northern hemisphere the effect pulls things to the right while in the southern hemisphere, the effect pulls things to the left |
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Term
| wind that is generated in combination with Coriolis effect moves surface water ____________________ while deeper water moves _________________ |
|
Definition
away from the coast line
up to the shallows to replace surface water |
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Term
| _________________ of various regions of the earth's atmosphere by the sun produces wind |
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Definition
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Term
| waves and surgace currents are produced by________________________ |
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Definition
| winds that blow across the sea surface |
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Term
| waves are ________________ disturbances of the sea surface |
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Definition
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Term
| velocity, duration and fetch |
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Definition
| affect the size and energy of waves |
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Term
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Definition
| distance that wind interacts with water |
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Term
| once away from the wind, seas become |
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Definition
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Term
| the wind blows and pushes wave crests inot sharp peaks with deep troughs ...an area known as |
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Definition
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Term
| highest elevation of a wave: |
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Definition
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Term
| lowest elevation of a wave: |
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Definition
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Term
| measurement from crest to crest |
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Definition
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Term
| length of time it takes for two consecutive crests to pass by |
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Definition
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Term
| waves are characterizes by (three things) |
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Definition
| height, wavelength, and period |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| as waves enter shallow water, they ________________________ |
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Definition
| encounter frictional resistence from the bottom |
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Term
| wavelength increases or decreases as waves reach shore? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| when the water depth is less than 1/2 the wavelength |
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Term
| N. Equatorial Current moves__________ |
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Definition
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Term
| S. Equatorial Current moves__________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Equatorial regions of the sea surface are being pulled apart, or diverging....deep water moves up to fill the void...nutrients are provided that support phytoplankton and other animals |
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Term
|
Definition
the greatest sustained upwelling on Earth at 65 degrees @ latitude
belt of upwelling that circles the Southern Hemisphere |
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Term
| how long is a tide shift? |
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Definition
| 6 hours 12.5 minutes (lunar day divided by 4) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the vertical distance bewteen high and low tide |
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Term
| what occurs when earth, sun and moon are all in a line? |
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Definition
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Term
| tidal differnce in Bay of Fundy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| periodic changes in water level that result from the gravitational attractions of the sun and moon |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/2 as large are a lunar tide |
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Term
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Definition
| depth boat extends into water |
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Term
| solar tide has an ___________effect on the lunar tide |
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Definition
additive
creating extra high high tides and the lowest low tides....these are called spring tides |
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Term
| time where there are extermely high high tides and the lowest of low low tides |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| be able to draw, label and explain |
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Definition
| earth, moon and sun rotations |
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Term
| what geological structures affect tides? |
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Definition
| continents and shape of the sea floor |
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Term
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Definition
| location and shape and depth of the basin |
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Term
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Definition
| two high and two low (east coast of NA, most of Europe and Asia |
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Term
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Definition
| successive high tides of different heights (west coast of US and Canada) |
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Term
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Definition
| one high and one low tide very day (Gulf of Mexico, Antarctica, parts of the Caribbean and the Pacific) |
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Term
| ________predicted thime and height of high and low tides in a particualr area |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| resists mixing and has a large density differnce between deep and shallow water |
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Term
|
Definition
| a zone of transition between warm surface water an the cold water below |
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Term
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Definition
| parallels (mirror-image) of the thermocline...it is the measure of density using specific gravity |
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Term
| surface temperature varies with |
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Definition
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Term
| high atmospheric pressure over the Eastern Pacific ----what type of years? |
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Definition
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Term
| low atmospheric pressure over the Eastern Pacific ----what type of years? |
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Definition
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Term
| high atmospheric pressure over the Indian Ocean----what type of years? |
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Definition
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Term
| low atmospheric pressure over the Eastern Pacific ----what type of years? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| El Niño/"Southern Oscillation" ... refering to global change in atmospheric pressure that accompanies El Nino |
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Term
|
Definition
| unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific and Us winter temperatures warmer than normal in the Southeast and colder than normal in the Northwest. |
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Term
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Definition
| energy from sulfure and methane |
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Term
|
Definition
| capture the incoming raw energy adn story it in organic molecules (plants) |
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Term
|
Definition
| obtain the molecules created by the producers |
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Term
|
Definition
liberate nutrients from both consumers and producers when they die.
Detritus feeders (worms) feed on any organic debris |
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Term
|
Definition
| feed on any organic debris |
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Term
| ______________% transfer of energy between levels in the food chain |
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Definition
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Term
| in a food chain, it takes a large number of organisms and _______ at the bottom to support a small amount at the top |
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Definition
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Term
| any of the feeding levels that energy passes through as it proceeds through the ecosystem. |
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Definition
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Term
| the combination of all chains in a given community or ecosystem |
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Definition
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Term
| producers are (auto, hertro or both) |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| consume producers directly |
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Term
| the final trophic level in the structure of an ecosystem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excretement and dead organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| ectotherm - an organism whose internal temperature varies with that of the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| endotherm - organism can regulate its internal temperature, release of internal heat. |
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Term
| organisms that do not actively maintain salt and water balance |
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Definition
|
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Term
| osmoconformers are often restricted to areas where |
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Definition
| Usually have to remain where the salinity of the water matches their fluids |
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Term
| true or false: Open ocean: salinity doesn’t vary, much. It is good for osmoconformers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Control their internal concentrations to avoid osmotic problems |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| adjust solute concentrations in body fluids to match surroundings |
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Term
| how do sharks osmoregulate? |
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Definition
| the increase or decrease urea in their blood |
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Term
| Most marine fishes have body fluids more _________ than seawater |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| water permiates through their skin...so they don't drink water! Their chloride cels pick up salts out of the water to replace the minteral they lose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| freshwater vs marine fish |
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Term
|
Definition
| one crust pushed under another plate..heats up and magma rises producing volcanic activity |
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Term
| north of the equator water drains ___________ while south of the equator wahter drains ________ .the same is true for the _________ |
|
Definition
| clockwise/counterclockwise/currents |
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