• capture, store, and transmit energy
• capable of reproduction
• adapt to their environment
• change through time

• over 250,000
• but..the census of marine life recently reported...6000 possible new species were identified. and there are likely more than 750,000 species yet to be discovered of the 1 million or so thought to exist

• kingdom- more inclusive
• phylum
• class
• order
• family
• genus
• species- less inclusive

the genus name combined with the trivial name

• the genus name begins with a capital
• the trivial (species) name begins with a lowercase letter and it's always in italics

1. monera

• bacteria, including cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and archaea--> found all over the ocean

2. protista or protoctista

• single of multi celled organisms with a nucleus; algae or animals

3. fungi

• abundant in the intertidal zone and are important in decomposition, overall very few in the ocean

4. plantae

• plants, free-floating or attached to the sea floor

5. animalia

• all multicellular animals in the ocean

• no nucleus (karyon)
• no membrane bound organelles
• usually DNA in a single circular molecule
• most are unicellular-but a few have multicellular life stages (ex. Myxococcus and other fruiting bacteria)
• a family of gliding bacteria that produce fruiting bodies in starvation conditions. They are common in animal dung and organic-rich soils of neutral or alkaline pH

• "true kernel/nut"
• nucleus
• membrane bound organelles
• organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures enclosed within membranes

• 1977
• wasn't trained as a microbiologist, so he didn't have this bias (about impossibility of bacterial classification)
• bacteria, achaea, and eukaryotes
• based on differences in 16S rRNA genes
• A 16S rRNA subunit is a small component of a ribosome (=make proteins).  Assumed to be about the most conserved of the molecular components
• we have missed an entire domain (archaea)
• different than bacteria and constitute a new super-kingdom Archaea

• unusual in cell membrane and flagella structure...DNA transcription similar to eukaryotes
• look like bacteria but act like eukaryotes
• some bacteria are as different genetically from other bacteria as they are from humans
• this necessitates a third domain, Archaea
• most are anaerobes-->incapable of living in air
• most thrive in extreme conditions-->hot springs, freezing water...(although they have been found everywhere)
• ~3.5 billion years ago
• "earliest terrestrial life forms"
• only microbes responsible for making methane

• usually unicellular organisms
• all bacteria are prokaryotes, which means that they don't have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
• they are normally a few micrometers long and they have many shapes which include spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals (spirilla)
• ~3 billion years ago

• in the form and structure of their *ribosomes
• the type and linkage of their lipids
• structure of the cell covering
• different type of RNA polymerase (margulis and schwartz 1998)
• *ribosomes make proteins...RNA polymerase is an enzyme in ribosomes that helps facilitate the making of proteins...

• defining membrane-bound structure that differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus
• examples: animals, plants, fungi, and protists
• developed ~1.6-2.1 billion years ago

(bottom)

• littoral- intertidal
• sublittoral (0-200m)
• bathyal (200-2000m)
• abyssal (2000-6000m)
• hadal >6000m

(water column)

• epipelagic (0-200m)
• mesopelagic (200-1000m)
• bathypelagic (1000-2000m)
• abyssalpelagic (2000-6000m)
• hadalpelagic >6000m 

palagios- of the sea

epipelagic- epi (top)

mesopelagic- meso (middle)

bathypelagic- bathos (depth)

abyssopelagic- a (without) byssus (bottom)

pictorial representation of how the species evolved

three branches: bacteria, eukaryote, arachae

archaea- ~3.5 billion years ago

bacteria- ~3 billion years ago