animal-like protists, over 50,000 species, 3 important ones

Forminifera- calcium carbonate shell or test

Radiolaria- secreted shell of silica, covered with radiating spines (reduce rate of sinking for planktonic species)

Ciliates- hair like cilia used for locomotion and filterfeeding (sessile attached ot the surface of seabed or organism)

Protozoan group, tintinnids are the most abundant kind of ciliates.

-can form colonies.

Marine Animalia Vs Protista

-presence of contractile muscles

-signal-conducting neurons

-multi-cellular bodies

majority=invertebrates

sponges phylum.

sponges dont have tissues/organs

-cells specialized forms and functions (not colony of identical/individual cells)

-similar to multi-cellular organisms of first forms..

-in sponge, sewater enters a feeding chamber lined with this.

-collar cells have flagellum which pull in water and out of sponge.

-found in sponge

-nonspecialised cells which transport food or transform into specialised if needed.

asexual and sexual

-sexual by amebocytes transform into sperm cells with flagellum or egg cells

-broadcast spawning -sperm release (interior fertilization though)

-parenmanchula larva-cluster/furry ball formed

-Glass- lace like structure with spicules

-encrusting- covering growths on coral or rocks

-coralline- calcium carbonate skeleton

boring- oysters corals (bores through shell)

-large, diverse marine invertebrates

-jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydroids

-have specialized tissues

-radlia symmetry (body repeats around central axis)

-no head/front/back, but have:

-oral surface

-aboral surface

-bottle shaped gut- one opening (food in and waste out)

-nematocysts/cnidocytes-stinging cells

-2 layers of cells

-ectodermis protection, endodermis digestion

which are separated by mesoglea

Cnidaria class,

most consist of polyps arranged in coilonnies

-reproduce with planula larrva formed (football shaped) covered with cilia

drift, settle, polyps reproduce asexually by budding

-hydrozoans which form drifting colonies of polyps (CO2) formed filling floats

-Portuguese man-o-war- droplets of oil

medusa oriented

-class of Cnidarian

-cubozoa-box jelly (separated from scyphozoa)

-

Cnidarian class

-no medusa stge, complex polyps

-gut has partitions (septa) -allow larger growth

-sea anemones (solitary)

Corals

-2 sub classes, examples

-Hexacorallia- stony corayls (6 tentacles)

-Black corals- hard black protein coat

-Octocorallia

-Gorgonians- secrete proteins forming branching skeletons (soft corals)

-hexacorrollia

-smybiotic with zooxanthellae (endosymbiotic algae)

-autotrphic and heterotrophic

-asexual and sexual rep

colony growth vs formation of new colonies

-intratentacular budding (division of polyp)

extratentacular (new moutn formed between polyp)

hermaphroditic

-simultaneous

-sequential

gonochoric-colonies have one sex. (gamete)

phylum name, comb jellies

look like cnidarian, but unique bc:

8 rows cilliary combs

beating combs refract light

mm-2m long

carnivores, can trap with colloblasts

-can acquire nematocysts

Acoelomates and Pseduocoelomates

-animal phylums

-bilaterally symmetric, anterior cephalization)

-

-flattened dorso-ventrally

-simple brain central nervous system

bottle gut

-largest in sperm whale at 50'

-look like flatworms, have probscis to catch prey

-more developed gut

neritic waters, shallow found under rocks in intertidal zone

30m longest invertebrate

parasitic

found in marine mud and sedient eating detritus and bacteria

through gut

hydrostatic skeleton-muscles surround cavity and push against incompressible fluid for movement and undulate

coelom = embryonic development, separating digestive tract from body wall

1- protostomes

2-deuterostomes

segmented worms, polycheates, oligochaetes, hirundinea (leaches)

-have circulatory system

most species of annelids in this class

-parapodia-flattened extensions

-setae- stiff bristles

-larger polycheates require gills on parapodia to absorb oxygen better.

-annelid

-no mouth or gut

-absorb nutrients dissolved by water

-symbiotic bacteria

-vestimentiferans-found in hydrothermal vents

earthworms on terr.

-no parapodia, but segmented

-leeches, no parapodia

-sucker (anesthetic and anti-clotting agent)

-ectoparasites- of fish and invertebrates

Sipuncula (peanut worms)

-soft, unsegmented worms

-anterior has mouth and tentacles

-spoon worms

-difference with peanut worms=spoon-like proboscis, which collects organic material and detritus

-sea snails, mussels, scallops, octi, squid.

-200,000 species

calcium carbonate shells

mantle - thin tissue layer, secretes shell

-unsegmented

-ventral, muscular foot

-on molluscans,

-its a band of small teeth used to rasp away material (encrusting algae or animal tissue)