Term
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Definition
| The basic end product of amino acid metabolism in all organisms, regardless of habitat. Ammonia is usually very toxic, largely through its effects on cellular respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single-celled organisms (plants) |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled organisms (animals) |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeding without moving - suspension feeders capture food particles directly from the liquid medium that surrounds them as the particles flow past the stationary animal |
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Term
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Definition
| fixation of carbon from carbon dioxide into carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| essentially measures the extent to which the molecules of a fluid stick to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| essentially a ratio of inertial to viscous forces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the state of being higher in osmotic concentration than one's surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| when the concentration of solutes in animals' body fluids are equivalent to the concentration of solutes in the fluids that surround them |
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Term
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Definition
| the oldest known fossils of multicellular animals. True animals are multicellular, generally diploid organisms and each develops from a blastula. They are also referred to as the Metazoa. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amazingly sudden appearance and apparently rapid diversification of complex animals over several millions of years (around 543 million years ago) |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal embryo at the early stage of development. Also called blastosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| possessing right and left sides that are approximately mirror images of one another |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of nervous and sensory tissues and organs at one end of an animal, resulting in distinct anterior and posterior ends |
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Term
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Definition
| Radially symmetrical organisms can be divided into two approximately equal halves by any cut that passes through their center |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of cells that behave as a unit during the early stages of embryonic development and give rise to distinctly different tissue and/or organ systems in the adult |
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Term
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Definition
| these animals have only two distinct germ layers that form during or following the movement of cells into the embryo's interior |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer of cells in a diploblastic animal during the embryonic phase |
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost layer of cells in a diploblastic animal during the embryonic phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Most metazoans are triploblastic. During the ontogeny of triploblastic animals, cells of either the ectoderm or, more usually, the endoderm give rise to a third germ layer, the mesoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mesodermal layer of tissue always lies between the outer ectodermal tissue and the inner endodermal tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triploblastic animals that lack an internal body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| an internal space that develops in teh embryo prior to gastrulation. This type of body cavity is termed a pseudocoel, and the organism housing it is said to be a pseudocoelomate. |
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Term
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Definition
| a body cavity like a pseudocoel |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal that possesses a pseudocoel |
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Term
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Definition
| an internal, fluid-filled body cavity lying between the gut and the outer body wall musculature and lined with tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that possess coeloms. They are also known as eucoelomates. |
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Term
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Definition
| In these animals, coelom formation occurs by gradual enlargement of a split in the mesoderm. This process is termed schizocoely. |
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Term
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Definition
| coelom formation that occurs by gradual enlargement of a split in the mesoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| In these animals, the coelom typically forms through envagination of the archenteron into the embryonic blastocoel. Because the coelom of deuterostomes forms from a part of what eventually becomes the gut, coelom formation in this group of animals is termed enterocoely. |
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Term
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Definition
| In these animals that show enterocoely, the coelom typically forms through envagination of the archenteron into the embryonic blastocoel and forms part of what eventually becomes the gut. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally, yolk is asymmetrically distributed within eggs, and the nucleus occurs in, or moves to, the region of lower yolk density. This is the animal pole, and it is here that the polar bodies are given off during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposite end of the egg from the animal pole. Generally, yolk is asymmetrically distributed within eggs, and the nucleus occurs in, or moves to, the region of lower yolk density. This is the animal pole, and it is here that the polar bodies are given off during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Happens in deuterostomes. The spindles of a given cell, and thus the cleavage planes, are oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the animal-vegetal axis. Thus, daughter cells derived from a division in which the cleavage plane is parallel to the animal-vegetal axis end up lying in the same plane as the original mother cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spindle axes of cells undergoing spiral cleavage are oriented (after the first two cleavages) at 45 degree angles to the animal-vegetal axis. Moreover, the division line does not necessarily pass through the center of the dividing cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller cells that occur at the eight-cell stage of spiral cleavage and lie in the spaces between the underlying larger cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| larger cells that occur during the 8-cell stage of cleavage |
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Term
| indeterminate (or regulative) cleavage |
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Definition
| Deuterostomes are said to show indeterminate/regulative cleavage -- each cells retains -- sometimes as late as the eight-cell stage -- the capacity to differentiate teh entire organism if that cell loses contact with its associatives. |
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Term
| determinate/mosaic cleavage |
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Definition
| Cleavage shown by protostomes. The development potential of each cell is irrevocably determined at the first cleavage; separate the blatomeres of a two-celled protostome embryo and each cell will, in most species, give rise only to a "short-lived, malformed monster." |
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Term
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Definition
| A conspicuous bulge of cytoplasm that forms prior to cell division and that contains no nuclear material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any named group of organisms (eg sea urchins, banana slugs) that is sufficiently distinct to be assigned to such a category. |
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Term
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Definition
| At every taxonomic level where all the members of any particular phylum are presumed to have evolved from a single ancestral form. Most modern workers now agree that all monophyletic groups also must include all descendants of the originating ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group that does not adhere to the following stipulations: At every taxonomic level where all the members of any particular phylum are presumed to have evolved from a single ancestral form. Most modern workers now agree that all monophyletic groups also must include all descendants of the originating ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theoretically, the members of one species are reproductively isolated from members of all other species. |
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Term
| scientific name of a species |
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Definition
| The scientific name of a species is binomial (has two parts): the generic name and the specific name. The generic and specific names (ie the species name) are usualy italicized in print and underlined in writing. The generic name begins with a capital letter, but the specific name does not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlike the Linnaean system, the PhyloCode -- although it remains hierarchical -- is rankless: there will be no classes, orders, or families. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process through which distantly related animals may come to resemble each other rather closely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Features that resemble each other through convergence are referred to as analogous, as opposed to homologous |
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Term
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Definition
| Morphological features that share a common evolutionary origin are said to be homologous |
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Term
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Definition
| The direction of evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
| The original state of of a character (trait?) |
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Term
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Definition
| The more advanced state of a character (trait?) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of organisms that includes the most recent common ancestor of all its members and all descendants of that ancestor; every valid clade forms a monophyletic group |
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Term
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Definition
| the splitting of a single lineage into 2 or more distinct lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| change occuring within a lineage |
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Term
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Definition
| the pictoral representation of branching sequences that are characterized by particular changes in key morphological or molecular characteristics (character states) |
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Term
| homologous characters, homology |
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Definition
| Characters that have the same evolutionary origin from a common ancestor, often coded for by the same genes. Homology is the basis for all decisions about evolutionary relationships among species |
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Term
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Definition
| any named group of organisms, such as jellyfish or sea urchins |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of species that evolved from a single ancestor and includes all descendants of that ancestor. By definition, every valid clade must form a monophyletic taxon. |
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Term
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Definition
| a principle stating that, in the absence of other evidence, one should always accept the least complex scenario |
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Term
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Definition
| the direction of evolutionary change |
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Term
| ancestral/primitive state |
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Definition
| the character state exhibited by the ancestor from which current members of a clade have evolved. Also called the plesiomorphic state |
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Term
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Definition
| an altered state, modified from the original or ancestral condition. Also called the apomorphic state |
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Term
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Definition
| any derived or specialized character |
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Term
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Definition
| any ancestral or primitive character |
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Term
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Definition
| a derived character taht is shared by the most recent common ancestor and by 2 or more descendants of that ancestor. In cladistic methodology, synapomorphies define clades; that is, they determine which species or other groups are most closely related to one another. Essentially, synapomorphies are homologous characters that define clades. |
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Term
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Definition
| A derived character possessed by only one descendant of an ancestor, and thus of no use in discerning relationships among other descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| the independent acquisition of similar characteristics (character states) from different ancestors through convergence or parallelism. Such homoplastic events create the illusion of homology. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of species sharing an immediate ancestor but not including all descendants of that ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| an incorrect grouping containing species that descended from 2 or more different ancestors. Members of polyphyletic groups do not all share the same immediate ancestor. Members of polyphyletic groups may resemble each other because of the independent evolution of similar traits by different ancestors. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for evaluating the reliability of a branch of a phylogenetic tree by resampling some number of characters from teh original data set (with replacement) at random. |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical technique used to infer the probability that a particular phylogenetic hypothesis is correct |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for evaluating the reliability of a branch of a phylogenetic tree by deleting some percentage of information (eg base-pair position information) at random and then rerunning the analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a branching point on a cladogram |
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Term
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Definition
| shared characteristics derived from a common ancestor in which the characters originated |
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Term
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Definition
| the direction of evolutionary change, polarity, is first determined by comparison with a closely related taxon, the outgroup, that lies outside the taxa being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| groups derived from the same ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a skeleton in which fluid serves as the vehicle through which sets of muscles interact |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that run lengthwise down the body of an animal |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that circle the body of an animal |
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Term
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Definition
| chitinous/calcareous bristles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| metamerism/metameric segmentation |
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Definition
| A serial repetition of segments and organ systems (skin, musculature, nervous system, circulatory system, reproductive system, and excretory system) |
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Term
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Definition
| thin sheets of mesodermally derived tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| mesodermally derived tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| A tubule open to the exterior that acts as an organ of excretion or osmoregulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nephridia that are open at both ends |
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Term
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Definition
| Nephrostome is the funnel-like component of a metanephridium. It is always oriented towards the coelom. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the anterior-most part of the body of an annelid |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, flattened outgrowths; One of the fleshy paired appendages of polychete annelids that function in locomotion and breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| a needle-like bristle that provides internal support for the appendages (chaetae) of some polychaete worms |
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Term
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Definition
| overlapping protective plates that cover the bodies of some species |
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Term
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Definition
| Septa that are between anterior adjacent segments in annelids that are absent or incomplete |
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Term
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Definition
| a polychaete's everted pharynxe |
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Term
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Definition
| a generally active, mobile species |
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Term
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Definition
| A protonephridium ('proto' = first) is a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings; pressurization drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal, and they are pulled through small perforations in the terminal cells and into the protonephridium. |
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Term
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Definition
| a marked morphological transformation in preparation for reproductive activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a sexually mature being, male or female, that is highly specialized for swimming and sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| during epitoky, one or more new, reproductive modules, epitokes, are budded, one segment at a time, from the posterior portion of the original animal, the atoke |
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Term
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Definition
| a preoral circlet of cilia of a trochophore larva. |
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Term
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Definition
| the preanal tuft of cilia in a trochophore larva. |
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Term
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Definition
| The terminal part or hind segment of the body in certain invertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| The planktonic larva of certain invertebrates, including some mollusks and polychaete worms, having a roughly spherical body, a band of cilia, and a spinning motion. NOTE polychaetes have two rings, and a third ring that forms later between the prototroch and the telotroch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| both male and female reproductive apparatus are contained within a single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized region of the epidermis; A raised band encircling the body of oligochaete worms and some leeches, made up of reproductive segments. |
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Term
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Definition
| the anteriormost region of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of localized contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal musculature |
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Term
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Definition
| peristaltic waves that travel in the opposite direction of an animal's movement |
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Term
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Definition
| peristaltic waves that travel in the same direction as an animal's movement |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized organs that store sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of having eggs that may develop normally in the absence of fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue that can fill a continuous coelomic space |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| generally functions in producing the cocoon and a nutritive fluid, as in the oligochaetes |
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Term
| digestive glands/ digestive caeca |
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Definition
| some species form them with evaginations of the gut |
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Term
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Definition
| used for food storage within body |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly muscular structure lined with hardened cuticle, for grinding food |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with the esophagus; these may function in regulating blood pH by controlling hte concentration of carbonate ions |
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Term
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Definition
| the intestine of many terrestrial oligochaete species is thrown into a ridge or fold, typhlosole, which increases the gut's effective surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with the intestine and dorsal blood vessels of oligochaetes; it is a characteristic yellow tissue; chloragogen cells play major roles in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism of oligochaetes |
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Term
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Definition
| an anticoagulant secreted by leeches' salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| both male and female reproductive apparatus are contained within a single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the clitellum secretes a cocoon within which embryos develop. It also secretes a mucus taht assists in transferring sperm between individuals and produces albumen |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as a food source for embryos as they develop within the cocoon of a clitella species |
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Term
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Definition
| the oldest known fossils of multicellular animals; about 543-635 million years old |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymerase Chain Reaction. Developed in mid-1980s. Permits biologists to very quickly and inexpensively generate many copies of specific DNA sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| morphological features that share a common evolutionary origin |
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Term
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Definition
| the direction of evolutionary change |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ancestral state of a feature |
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Term
|
Definition
| the derived state of a feature |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of groups of segments in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer of an arthropod; it is generally waxy, being composed of a firm lipoprotein layer underlain by layers of lipid |
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Term
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Definition
| composes teh bulk of the exoskeleton; it is composed of the polysaccharide chitin in association with a number of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Hardening is accomplished by "tanning" the proticule's protein component. The tanning process, also called sclerotization, involves the cross-linkages between protein chains; this contributes to cuticle hardening in all arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid; the hemocoel also acts as an internal hydrostatic skeleton until the new exoskeleton hardens |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of removing the existing exoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| The total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area or volume |
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Term
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Definition
| a gland located in the head of crustaceans |
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Term
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Definition
| glands located in the thorax of insects |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that stimulate molting |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurosecretory complex located in the eyestalks that inhibits ecdysteroid production |
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Term
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Definition
| a pigment-bearing cell; especially : one of the cells of an animal integument capable of causing integumentary color changes by expanding or contracting |
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Term
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Definition
| perforations in the heart wall that allow blood to enter the heart directly from the hemocoel |
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Term
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Definition
| a small cup with a light-sensitive surface backed by light-absorbing pigment |
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Term
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Definition
| the compound eye is composed of many individual units called ommatidia |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as a lens in some insects and in most crustaceans |
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Term
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Definition
| contain light-sensitive pigment; they are cylindrical |
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Term
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Definition
| potically isolates every ommatidium from surrounding ommatidia |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of neurons receiving the information carried by the retinular cells and sending action potentials to the optic ganglia for processing |
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Term
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Definition
| find, microvillar outfoldings of the retinular cell walls |
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Term
|
Definition
| The rhabdomeres within each ommatidium form a discrete, ordered association called a rhabdom |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of compound eye occurring in diurnal insects, in which each ommatidium is surrounded by a shield of pigment; the lens is directly apposed to the receiving rhabdom |
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Term
|
Definition
| In such an eye, each ommatidium has a large space between the distal end of the crystalline cone and the rhabdom; without the shielding pigment in the way, light from a single point in the visual field can be received by many lenses and focused into a single rhabdom, producing a signal of significantly greater intensity than received through a single lens |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal...
The corresponding part of a bird, reptile, amphibian, or fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bony or chitinous case or shield covering the back or part of the back of an animal (as a turtle or crab) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fused head and thorax of spiders and other chelicerate arthropods |
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Term
|
Definition
| in some species, the carapace bears a prominent anterior projection called the rostrum |
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Term
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Definition
| An eye consisting of an array of numerous small visual units, as found in insects and crustaceans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The jaw or a jawbone, esp. the lower jawbone; they crush food |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the mouth; generates water currents and manipulates food |
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Term
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Definition
| (in crustaceans) An appendage modified for feeding, situated in pairs behind the maxillae. |
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Term
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Definition
| commonly known as pereopeds |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the first 5 pairs of abdominal appendages |
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Term
|
Definition
| the last pair of abdominal appendages |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the inner branch of a malacostracan appendage |
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Term
|
Definition
| the outer branch of a malacostracan appendage |
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Term
|
Definition
| highly branched cells containing pigment granules |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormones are manufactured by the so-called X-organ located in the eyestalks and are transported a short distance to the sinus gland for storage |
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Term
|
Definition
| An appendage modified for feeding, situated in pairs behind the maxillae. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carina, rostrum, scuta, terga |
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Definition
| different plates that compose the shells of barnacles |
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Term
|
Definition
| The first larval stage of many crustaceans, having an unsegmented body and a single eye; typical of several diverse groups of crustaceans, including the copepods, ostracods, branchiopods, euphausiids and cirripedes |
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Term
|
Definition
| “The nauplius undergoes five moults before it transforms into a copepodite stage that more closely resembles the adult.” |
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Term
|
Definition
| the final stage of barnacle larval development following the planktonic nauplius stage. the cypris settles on a hard substrate and undergoes metamorphosis into benthic adult form. The larva is also known as a cyprid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a larva of a parasitic barnacle (order Rhizocephala); the kentrogon is specialized for piercing through the host cuticle |
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Term
|
Definition
| unicellular, free-floating, photosynthesizing protists |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the community of small animals living in association with sediment |
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