Term
Physiological Dive Reflex |
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Definition
| Metabolism is slowed, blood is diverted from peripheral organs to central organs, peripheral organs become hypoxic and produce lactate which is then reoxidized during surface time. |
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Term
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Definition
| During a dive, an animal's liver receieves lactate from muscles and then in turn converts the lactate into glucose for the brain via gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Drop in heart rate is dependent on the duration of the dive of the animal |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood occupied by red blood cells |
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Term
| hematocrit observations of diving seals |
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Definition
| hematocrit continually increases during the dive (up to 70%), then decreases again after surfacing |
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Term
| What was an observation made that demonstrated that the diving seals were under aerobic conditions |
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Definition
| MRI showed decreasing volume of the spleen during dive (where RBC are stored) and increasing hematocrit showing an increase in O2 carrying ability during dive |
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Term
| T/F - The same physiological strategy is employed for both routine and extreme dives in the same animal |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some (4) heamatological differences between diving mammals and humans? |
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Definition
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Term
How does hypoxia affect diving animals less than humans? |
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Definition
Skeletal muscle can operate anaerobically via lactate production brains can tolerate lower O2 pressure Body stores can furnish ~ 17-20 min of aerobic metabolism
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Term
| Alteration of Circulation Patterns in Diving Mammals |
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Definition
Vasoconstriction of arterial vessels restrics bllod flow to muscles, skin, and peripheral organs In extreme dives, blood only directed to head and lungs bradycardia- to maintain similar blood pressure and to decrease myocardium O2 needs
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Term
| Alteration of mobility in diving mammals |
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Definition
| gliding instead of actively swimming |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do diving mamals optimize foraging time |
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Definition
they must stay within their ADL |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| capable of oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
Environmental Anaero. = Not enough Oxygen in the enviroment Functional Anaero. = Energy demand larger than can be supplied
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Term
| What is a disadvantage of lactate prodcution? how is it overcome? |
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Definition
| Lactate is used to recycle NADH, b ut it is a strong acid, so opines may be created by reacting pyruvate with one of four AA's to create a neutral, easily disposible product |
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Term
| At what point in metabolism is the crucial branchpoint for the facultative anaerobic organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens after the formation of oxaloacetate in the alternate metabolic pathway in facultative anaerobes? |
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Definition
Oxalo=> Malate => into mito Malate =>fumarate => succinate (+NAD) succinate => propionate |
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Term
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Definition
osmotic pressure, osmolarity, olmolality (if increase than more salty) water activity (more dilute if increase) |
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Term
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Definition
| low molecular weight organic osmolyte that is relatively harmless to cells |
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Term
| osmotic conformer/regulator: |
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Definition
conformers do not regulate salt content of bodies (sharks and invertebrates) regulators reulate the salt content of their bodies (bony fishes) |
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Term
| The Hofmeister Series of Inorganic Solutes: which are stabilizing/salting out? |
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Definition
Stable: Fluoride, Phosphate, Sulfate, Tetramethyl Amine, Dimethyl Amine |
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Term
| Five classes of compatible Solutes |
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Definition
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Term
Preferential Hydration Theory |
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Definition
A compatible solute favors the native state of a protein (greater entropy) And a denaturant favors the formation of the denatured protein (greater entropy) |
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Term
| Name an adaptation that extreme halophiles have acquired to live in high saline environments |
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Definition
| these bacteria have evolved bacteriorhodopsin: a light driven proton pump used to drive ATP synthesis |
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Term
| what is Q10? and what does it show? |
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Definition
| it is the ratio of velocities of a protein at Temp+10/Temp normal. It shows that a small change in temperture can have a large effect on enzyme reactions |
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Term
| what is different about the proteins of endotherms/ectotherms? |
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Definition
| endothermic proteins are always at the same temp, but ectothermic proteins must compensate for temperture differences |
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Term
| What are some forms of temperature compensation? |
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Definition
| make more enzyme, faster working enzymes, multiple isozymes for different temps., regulated enzymes (ie-phosphorylation) |
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Term
| In the barracuda, how many degrees differences was sufficient to select for a new protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do enzymes differ in high and low temp.? |
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Definition
| enzymes from low temps. are more flexible and fast, while from higher temp. are more stable |
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Term
| What are heat shock proteins? Examples? |
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Definition
| they are chemical chaperones that are made in response to heat shock. They ensure fidelity of protein folding. Examples are DPG and DIP |
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Term
| Cold shock proteins? examples? |
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Definition
| help proteins, and nucleic acids fold at low temperatures, example is Tig, CspA |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Trigger Factor - A peptidyl proyl isomerase that helps proteins fold at low temp |
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Term
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Definition
| an RNA chaperone that prevents RNA secondary structure |
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Term
Cold shock proteins that modify membranes do what exactly? |
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Definition
| un saturate lipids by adding (cis) double bonds |
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Term
| these bacteria are indicators measured for water quality |
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Definition
coliforms, fecalcoliforms, and entero cocci |
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Term
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Definition
| a dinoflagellate parasite that attacks fish's epidermis |
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Term
| What is quorum sensing? How does it take place? |
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Definition
| It is a form of gram-negative bacterial intercellular communication. A lux-I like protein synthesizes a HomoSerineLactone (HSL) autoinducer. THe HSL freely diffuse out of cell. When the HSL's reach a critical concentration, they bind to a Lux type receptor to activate transcription of proteins for virulence or high population density |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogen of salmon, trout and eel; characterized by a high uptake of iron (high affinity iron transporters called siderophores), and uses quorum sensing |
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Term
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Definition
| infectious coral "bleeching" disease, goes into VBNC (viable but non-culturable) state inside the coral tissue, causes loss of algae and algal secretions |
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Term
| Why is global warming a problem for coral reefs? |
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Definition
| a small increase in temperature is enough to cause a large increase in virulence of coral diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| a vibrio species causing disease in humans, can enter a VBNC state |
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Term
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Definition
| the batceria causing the human disease Cholera, the bacterium must be infected by two seperate viruses to acquire the ability to make cholera toxin |
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Term
| Describe the Cholera Toxin |
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Definition
| has two parts A and B, B-protein binds intestinal villus cell, while A-protein enters the cell, causes cAMP levels to rise, massive efflux of ions and water from cells |
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Term
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Definition
| great source of biologically important compuounds such as antibiotics/fungals/cancers and is found in oceanic sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| are colonial water dwelling organisms similar to coral that have bacteria associated with them that secrete bryostatin (a potential anti-cancer drug) |
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Term
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Definition
| are compounds produced by red algae that can inhibit biofilm formation (fouling) |
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Term
| what kind of fertilization does the abalone utilize? |
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Definition
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Term
| The name of the tough fibrous microchamber surrounding abalone eggs |
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Definition
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Term
| The large secretory vessicle on the head of a sperm |
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Definition
| Acrosome granule (AG) or vessicle (AV) |
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Term
| What are the names of the two proteins contained in the abalone sperm AG? |
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Definition
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Term
| By analyzing the mitochondrial DNA, what were scientists able to discern about the sperm of abalone? |
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Definition
| that both lysin and 18K evolve very rapidly |
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Term
| Describe the lysin monomer |
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Definition
| its secondary structure is highly conserved, the residues at the amino terminus and edges are highly variable, and it has a two basic tracks on one side, and a hydrophobic patch on the other side |
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Term
| What is the function of lysin? |
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Definition
| it binds as a dimer to the egg VE, and then instantly falls apart into monomers. The monomers interrupt the VE fiber bonding to create a hole in the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the giant fibrous protein comprising the VE on the abalone egg; stands for Vitelline Envelope Receptor for Lysin, the proteins are arranged in tandem repeats |
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Term
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Definition
| A finger like projection from the head of a sperm formed by the polymerization of actin molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| a six carbon sugar with sulfate groups attached; the fucose sulphate polymers are in the egg jelly coat and bind to the sperm FSP receptor to begin the AR |
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Term
| What two ionic changes happen to the sperm after binding of FSP |
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Definition
| Ca++ influx to cause exocytosis of AV, and Na/H exchanger increase the internal pH so actin polymerizes |
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Term
| Name the two types of receptor proteins on the sea urching sperm that begin the AR |
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Definition
| REJ1 and REJ3 (receptor for egg jelly) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the sperm glue protein in sea urchin, makes up most of the AV, and when the AP punctures the AV, bindin gets on the AP to allow it to stick to the egg |
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Term
| Why study Sea urchin fertilization? |
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Definition
| they are a great model system to study the biological events that cause dorminant cells to "explode" into growth (ie cancer cells) |
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Term
| Two functions of the sperm |
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Definition
| to biochemically activate the egg, and to restore the diploid nucleus |
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Term
| what is the first thing that happens when a sperm meets an egg in sea urchin? What is he purpose? |
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Definition
| the membrane potential of the egg rises rapidly from -70 to as high as +20 via opening of Ca and Na channels. The purpose of the incerase in potential is to prevent polyspermy, and to allow the sperm to be inc. into the egg cyto. |
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Term
| After the increase in potential, what is the next step of the sperm/egg union? |
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Definition
| Phospholipases cleave PIP2 to DAG and IP3. IP# binds to receptors on the ER to relases CA++ intracellular stores |
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Term
| What is the function of the relase of Ca++ into the cytosol? |
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Definition
| it triggers the exocytosis of the CG's in a circu;ar fashion all the way around the egg to form the fertililzation envelope |
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Term
What is the purpose of the fertilization envelope? what makes it so hard |
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Definition
| to protect the zygote until the blastula stage. It is so hard to to di and tri-tyrosyls. The tyrosyls are formed by ovoperoxidase proteins |
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Term
| How does the egg preotect itself from the H2O2 used by ovoperoxidase? |
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Definition
| Ovothiol is a unique molecule that acts as an antioxidant to protect the egg |
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Term
| What occurs between the early and late biochemical reactions of the sea urchin fert. egg? |
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Definition
| an increase oh pHi from 6.8-7.2 by Na/H exchanger |
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Term
| What occurs in the late biochemical reactions? |
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Definition
| the acticvation of protein synthesis (not transcription) cause by increase in pHi |
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Term
| What is the last and final stage of the late biochemical reactions in the Su egg? |
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Definition
| the two nuceli fuse, and DNA synthesis begins in S-phase |
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Term
| why do laminids and tunas need to be endotherms? where does the heat come from? |
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Definition
| they are continuous swimmers, and need it for bursts on nrg. It comes from white muscle tissue |
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Term
| Counter current heat excahnge system |
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Definition
| the venous flow pattern that allows the retainment of heat in tuna blood, hot blood passes over cold blood entering the muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| "wonderful nets" to ctach warm blood in tuna, billfishes have specialized eye muscles to produce heat |
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Term
| brain heater characteristics in billfishes |
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Definition
| loss of contractile proteins, no myosin present, ER is homologous to normal SR, high oxidative capacity |
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