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Definition
| 70 percent of the Earth's Surface |
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Term
| the largest and deepest ocean basin is the |
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| Which The Mid-Ocean range is |
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Definition
| a continuous chain of submarine mountains that circle the Earth |
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| The amount of loose sediment _________ as one moves away from the Mid-Ocean Range |
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Definition
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| The rocks on either side of the Mid-Ocean ridge exhibit _______ and ___________ magnetization and the pattern is __________ on both sides of the ridge |
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Definition
| normal/ reversed/ symmetrical |
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Definition
| more dense than the continental crust |
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Definition
| polar molecule and a good solvent |
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| hydrogen bonds in water are formed between |
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Definition
| hydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules |
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Term
| water has a high latent heat of vaporization relative to other liquids which means |
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Definition
| large amounts of heat are absorbed when water vapor is formed by evaporation |
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Definition
| is the number of grams of dissolved inorganic solids per thousand grams (1 liter) or water |
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| sources for the inorganic material found in seawater include |
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Definition
| the weathering of rocks, volcanic activity, biological activity |
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Term
| the salinity of the surface water of the open oceans |
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Definition
| varies latitudinally reflecting the balance of precipitation and evaporation |
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Term
| the term thermocline refers to |
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Definition
| a rapid change in temperature occurring over a small change in depth |
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Definition
| are large, circular, wind driven surface currents |
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Term
| the intertidal region of the ocean |
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Definition
| is defined as the benthic area that lies between the extreme high and low tides |
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Term
| the major tide producing forces include |
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Definition
| gravitational forces between the earth and moon, the centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the earth and moon around their common center of mass, the gravitational attraction of the sun and the moon and earth |
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Definition
| when the moon and sun are directly aligned and thus their gravitational forces augment each other |
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Definition
| is an independent morphological stage of an animal that develops from the fertilized egg |
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| barnacles are animals that |
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Definition
| reproduce via internal fertilization |
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Definition
| produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism |
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Term
| during upwelling events, Sanford (1999) found that predation on mussels by Pisaster |
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Definition
| decreased significantly due to the presence of cold, nutrient-rich water |
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Term
| all arthropods share the following characteristic |
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Definition
| a jointed, external skeleton composed of chitin |
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Term
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Definition
| are members of the class Bivalvia (having two shells) |
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Term
| the intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that the community diversity will be maximal when |
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Definition
| disturbance occurs at some intermediate frequency and/or intensity |
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Term
| If there is genetically based color polymorphism in a bivalve, solar heat stress would create conditions for light-colored forms to |
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Definition
| be found in greater frequency in low latitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| five part radial symmetry in the adult stage of the life cycle, water vascular system that terminated with tube feet, a thin layer of tissue covering a calcium carbonate endoskeleton |
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Definition
| refers to the orderly process of community change |
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Term
| what was the purpose of the study published by Wethey in 2002? |
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Definition
| to see if temperature restricted where Chthamalus could live -> it doesn't, Semibalanus does |
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Term
| Why is Pisaster considered a keystone predator in the Northwest Pacific rocky intertidal? |
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Definition
| has a huge impact on community diversity in the rock intertidal. keeps mussels which are competitively dominant under control |
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Term
| Two examples of adaptations or mechanism observed in intertidal organisms that are thought to help reduce heat stress or desiccation |
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Definition
| mobility, limpits attached to rocks retaining moisture and letting go if they get hot |
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Term
| the term subtidal is used to describe |
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Definition
| the regions of the ocean that are below the low tide level and are thus covered by water at all times |
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Term
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Definition
| partially decomposed organic material including roots of vascular plants |
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Term
| accretion (vertical growth of salt marshes) increases with increasing latitude along the coast of North America because |
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Definition
| there are more salt marshes int he north than in the south |
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Term
| A general paradigm in salt marsh ecology states that the upper limit of a salt marsh plant's distribution is determined by __________ while the lower limit is determined by ___________ |
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Definition
| biological factors, physical factors |
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Term
| in the life cycle of kelps, the ____________ is microscopic and ________ while the ____________ is macroscopic and ____________ |
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Definition
| gametophyte, haploid/ sporophyte, diploid |
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Term
| the relationship between urchins and mussels in New England kelp beds is considered an example of facultative mutualism because |
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Definition
| mussels provide a refuge for urchins from predation and strong storm surges and waves that might otherwise dislodge the urchins, urchins graze kelp from the mussel bed reducing the likelihood that the mussels will be dislodged during storms or by large waves, mussels and urchins can survive in the subtidal in the absence of each other |
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Term
| During El Nino/ ENSO events, kelp density along the western coast of North America |
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Definition
| is low due to the decreased delivery of nutrients into shallow water due to the increased depth of thermocline |
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Term
| overfishing in California kelp beds has reduced the number of rock and kelp fish in many regions of the kelp forest. BAsed on our discussions in class, which of the following scenarios is most likely to occur? |
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Definition
| barnacles densities in the rocky intertidal will increase due to the reduction in zooplanktivorous fishes |
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Term
| which of the following are shared characteristics of members of the phylum Cnidaria? |
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Definition
| radial symmetry, a centrally located mouth surrounded by tentacles, nematocysts that are used to capture prey, two true tissue layers |
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Term
| The ______ stage observed in some cnidarian life cycles is free-swimming while the _________ remains attached to the substrate |
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Definition
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Term
| members of the class Scyphozoa |
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Definition
| are commonly known as jellyfish |
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Term
| the dominant organisms on healthy coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region are |
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Definition
| scleractinian (hermatypic) corals |
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Term
| global warming and the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide are predicted to impact coral reefs |
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Definition
| by resulting in decreases in pH, which will reduce calcification, by causing rises in sea level, which may place some reefs in unfavorable light habitats, by inducing high-temperature stress, which may cause bleaching, by increasing the incident spread of disease infecting both corals and herbivores |
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Term
| rapidly growing plate forming corals can shade or overgrow slower mound forming corals. This would be an example of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are attached to the wall of the gut, secrete digestive enzymes, can be extruded through the mouth or body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| are symbiotic dinoflagellates found in the epidermis of reef building corals, help increase the rate of calcification (deposition of calcium carbonate) of reef building corals |
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Term
| the term coral bleaching refers to |
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Definition
| the loss of zooxanthellae for coral tissue |
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Term
| most reef building corals |
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Definition
| feed nocturnally using polyps to capture prey, use energy from dissolved organic material (DOM), which is obtained by their tentacles, receive organic carbon from symbionts living within their tissue |
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Term
| coral polyps occupy small cups called _______ in a massive calcium carbonate skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| based some species of coralline algae show a decrease in pigmentation or bleaching as |
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Definition
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Term
| although the two coral species used in this study show an increase in bleaching when pH decreases |
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Definition
| the response varies among species |
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Term
| salt marsh plant adaptation: being submerged in saltwater |
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Definition
| salt glands to help rid plants of salt located on plant leaves |
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Term
| salt marsh plant adaptation: overcoming low levels of oxygen in sediments |
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Definition
| aerechymal tissue helps in the transport of oxygen from the part of the plant above the water |
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Term
| salt marsh plant adaptation: having to anchor themselves in a soft-sediment habitat |
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Definition
| extensive root systems help plants to anchor themselves |
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Term
| Why is SPartina alterniflora considered a "pioneer species" or "ecosystem engineer" in salt marshes? |
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Definition
| primary colonizer, stabilizes the sediment and contributes to peat accumulation with the extensive root systems |
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Term
| why is S. alterniflora restricted to the lower marsh? |
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Definition
| because it is resource competitive with other species of plants such as S. patons. It can survive the lower marsh better than the other species though. |
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Term
| What was the purpose and findings of Bertness et al 2002> |
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Definition
| examine the effect on increased nitrogen levels on salt marshes. increased nitrogen has shifted the zonation of salt marsh plants |
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Term
| species in the trophic cascade with otters and effects |
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Definition
| orca, otters, urchins, kelp, indirect/direct negative/positive |
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Term
| alternative stable states |
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Definition
| two extreme communities colonized by one species Ex. urchins and kelp |
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Term
| describe the zooxanthellae-coral polyp symbiosis and how the symbiosis contributes to productivity of reefs |
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Definition
| zooxanthellae are provided with protection and a place to live on the polyp and in return provide nutrients via photosynthesis for the coral |
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Term
| which of the following groups of phytoplankton are prokaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following groups of organisms have representatives that are heterotrophic? |
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Definition
| zooplankton, prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular eukaryotes |
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Term
| which of the following groups of plankton contain the smallest organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following pigments are found in all cells capable of oxygenic photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are able to absorb light energy and transfer the energy to photosynthetic reaction centers |
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Term
| Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) |
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Definition
| referes to wavelengths of light that are used in the photosynthetic light reactions and ranges between 400-700 nm |
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Term
| which of the following are shared characteristics of chordates? |
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Definition
| single hollow dorsal nerve cord, gills (or pharyngeal) slits, notochord, post-anal tail |
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Term
| which of the following marine animals complete their entire life cycle in aquatic environments? |
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Definition
| whales, dugongs and manatees |
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Term
| bioluminescence in deep sea fish |
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Definition
| results from an enzymes catalyzed reaction, can be produced by some fish, is sometimes produced by symbiotic bacteria found in specialized organs in fish, can be used to lure prey, from species recognition, or counterillumination |
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Term
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Definition
| is used by some whales to locate prey and for communication |
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Term
| gas bladders are observed |
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Definition
| in many (but not all) species of bony fish and aid in the regulation of buoyancy |
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Term
| cod, commonly known as ____________, are demersal fish (bottom dwelling) and fished using _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____________ are cetaceans that feed using ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| countercurrent blood flow in the appendages of mammals allows for |
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Definition
| the efficient transfer of heat from warm arterial blood to colder blood in veins |
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Term
| solubility pump and biological pump |
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Definition
| the solubility pump is when CO2 combines with water and CO2 is brought to organisms. the biological pump utilizes photosynthesis and has prganisms carry carbon into the deeper oceans via sinking particles |
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Term
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Definition
| environment causes similar traits to evolve |
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