Term
|
Definition
| Once in the cytoplasm, mRNA directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. This process results in an approximately equal distribution of all cellular material between the two daughter cells. Different degrees of cell growth, maturation, and division occur in each phase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stage in the cell cycle where all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes. These chromosomes then become visible. During this stage, the nucleus disappears and the chromosomes appear in the cytoplasm of the cell. ... As metaphase continues, the cells partition into the two daughter cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Manufacturing facilities – Manufacture the various proteins that cells require. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Garbage bags with poison pills – Dispose of large particles such as bacteria and food, as well as smaller particles; also contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down and digest proteins, certain carbohydrates, and the cell itself if the lysosome's surrounding membrane breaks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Freight hauling – Unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins; transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to areas of the body in which they are required. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA copy center – Holds a large amount of RNA and synthesizes ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Power-generating stations – Produce energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through a process of oxidation. |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) |
|
Definition
| The OER is the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived environment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau |
|
Definition
| It states that the radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation. Thus the most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells with the least maturity and specialization or differentiation, the greatest reproductive activity, and the longest mitotic phases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When ionizing particles interact directly with vital biologic macromolecules such as: DNA,Ribonucleic acid (RNA, Proteins, Enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when free radicals previously produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules act on a molecule such as DNA, the damaging action of ionizing radiation is indirect in the sense that the radiation is not the immediate cause of injury to the macromolecule. |
|
|
Term
| Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE) |
|
Definition
| describes the relative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single-strand break in the ladder-like DNA molecular structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ionizing radiation adversely affects blood cells by depressing the number of cells in the peripheral circulation. A whole-body dose of 0.25 Gyt delivered within a few days produces a measurable hematologic depression |
|
|
