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Managment 2
ch 3-4, BE 1-2
52
Management
Undergraduate 2
03/03/2010

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Cards

Term
Hofstedes model of 4 cultural dimensions
Definition
1) individualism/collectivism
2) power distance
3) uncertainty avoidance
4) masculinity/ femininity
Term
individualism
Definition
indicates a preference for a loosely knit social framework in which people are expected to take care of themselves
Term
collectivism
Definition
preference for a tightly knit social framework in which people and organizations are expected to look after each other
Term
power distance
Definition
refers to the degree to which people accept inequality in social situations
Term
uncertainty avoidance
Definition
how strongly do people desire certainty?
1) high-people feel uncomfortable with uncertainty
2) low- high tolerance for the uncertain
Term
masculinity
Definition
achievement, assertiveness, material success
Term
femininity
Definition
cooperation, and group decision making
Term
culture
Definition
shared set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people
Term
low context culture
Definition
shared meanings derive from written and spoken words
Term
high context culture
Definition
people rely heavily on situational cues for meanings when communicating with other
Term
GLOBE projects 9 cultural dimensions
Definition
1) power distance
2) uncertainty avoidance
3) institutional collectivism
4) in-group collectivism
5) gender egalitarianism
6) assertiveness
7) future orientation
8) performance orientation
9) humane orientation
Term
internal stakeholder
Definition
employees, owners, board of directors
Term
external stakeholders
Definition
task environment, general environment
Term
task environment
Definition
1) customers
2) competitors
3) financial institutions
4) suppliers
5) distributors
6) government regulators
7) special interest groups
8) employee organizations
9) local community
10) mass media
11) strategic allies
Term
general environment
Definition
1) technological
2) economic
3) international
4) demographic
5) political-legal
6) socio-cultural
Term
diversity
Definition
represents all the ways people are alike and unalike-->differences in age, gender, race, religion, etc
Term
diversity wheel
Definition
4 layers
1) personality
2) internal
3) external
4) organizational
Term
internal dimensions
Definition
those human differences that exert a powerful sustained effect through every stage of our lives. EX: age, gender, race, physical ability, etc
HAVE NO CONTROL OVER (Primary)
Term
external dimensions
Definition
include an element of choice; they consist of the person characteristics that people acquire, discard or modify
HAVE CONTROL OVER (Secondary)
religion, experiences, income, location, etc
Term
Trends in workforce diversity
Definition
1) age: older people in workforce
2) gender: more women working
3) race & ethnicity: more colored people
4) sexual orientation: gays and lesbians become more visible
5) people with differing physical and mental abilities
6) education levels
Term
barriers to diversity
Definition
1) stereotypes and prejudices
2) fears of reverse discrimination
3) resistance to diversity programs
4) unsupportive social atmosphere
5) lack of support for family demands
6) lack of support for career building steps
Term
morality
Definition
the standards that an individual or a group has about what is right and wrong or good and evil
Term
ethics
Definition
the discipline that examines one's moral standards or the moral standards of a society
Term
business ethics
Definition
a specialized study of moral right and wrong that concentrates on moral standards as they apply to business institutions organizations and behavior
Term
kinds of ethical issues
Definition
1) systemic
2) corporate
3) individual
Term
systemic
Definition
social systems or institutions within which businesses operate
Term
corporate
Definition
an individual company taken as a whole
Term
individual
Definition
a particular individual or individuals within a company and their behaviors and decisions
Term
ethical relativism
Definition
a theory that there are no ethical standards that are absolutely true and that apply should be applied to the companies and people of all societies
Term
moral development stages
Definition
1) preconventional
2) conventional
3) postconventional
Term
preconventional stages
Definition
child is able to respond to rules and social expectations and can apply good, bad ,right or wrong. these rules are imposed on oneself
1) punishment and obedience orientation
2) instrumental and relative orientation
Term
conventional stages
Definition
the person at this level does not merely conform to expectations but exhibits loyalty to the group and its norms
3) interpersonal concordance orientation
4) law and order orientation
Term
postconventional orientations
Definition
final stage, balance of self and society. looks through the lens of an impartial
5) social contract orientation
6) universal ethical principles orientation
Term
moral reasoning
Definition
the reasoning process by which human behaviors, institutions or policies are judged in accordance with or in violation of moral standards
Term
accurate
Definition
the data must be well-supported by the scientific method
Term
relevant
Definition
must show that the behavior, policy or institution being judged has precisely those characteristics that are proscribed by the moral standards
Term
complete
Definition
it must take into account all relevant information and not selectively advert some
Term
arguments for business ethics
Definition
1) most people are ethical, value ethical behavior, and punish unethical
2) ethical behavior is consistent with business profit goals
3) ethical companies are more profitable in the long run
4) cooperation will generate better results
Term
moral responsibility is incurred only
Definition
when a person knowingly and freely acts
and not
inability, ignorance or not in free will
Term
objections to business ethics
Definition
1) only pursue financial interests
2) in perfectly competitive markets the pursuit of profits will ensure members of society are well off
Term
utilitarianism
Definition
cost benefit analysis-->cost of doing compared to not doing (Pinto)
it suggests that the decisions made on the basis of creating greater good or benefit for the society
Term
basis of moral right
Definition
1) universalizability-->how would you like it if everybody did that?
2) reversibility-->how would you like it if he did that to you?
Term
distributive justice
Definition
allocating scarce benefits and undesirable burdens in a way that are just and fair
Term
egalitarianism
Definition
justice as equality
- there are no relevant differences among people that can justify unequal treatment
- every persons should be given exactly equal shares
Term
capitalist justice
Definition
justice based on contribution to society
Term
socialism
Definition
justice based on needs and abilities
work burdens should be distributed according to abilities
Term
libertarianism
Definition
justice as freedom from coercion of others
- any distribution of benefits and burdens is just if it is the result of the individuals freely choosing
Term
justice and fairness
Definition
if a society is unjust to some f its members, we normally condemn that society
- justice do not generally override the moral rights of the individuals
Term
retributive justice
Definition
justice of blaming or punishing persons for doing wrong
Term
compensatory justice
Definition
justice of restoring to a persons lost due to a wrong doing
Term
standards of caring
Definition
indicate the kind of care that is owed to those with whom we have special concrete relationships
Term
basis of moral judgments
Definition
1) evaluation of social costs and benefits
2) respect for individual rights
3) just distribution of benefits and burdens
4) caring for those in concrete relationships
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