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Managing Sport Organizations Exam 2
Test for Sport Management 468 class at Washington State University
57
Sports
Undergraduate 4
11/15/2011

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Term
Organizational Culture 
Definition
concern with the values, beliefs, basic assumptions, shared understanding, and take-for-granted meanings on which a set of individuals base the constructions of their organization, group, or subgroup. These characteristics, commonly accepted as forming the basis for an organizations culture provide stability to an organization and convey to new members the understanding that enables them to make sense of organizational activities. 
Term
Thick Culture 
Definition
a culture in which the members of the sport organizaton agree about the importance of certain values and employ them in their daily routines. They use stories and rituals to hole the organization together. People are recruited into the organization because they are seen to fit with the culture that exists. This fit is further developed through the use of indoctrination ceremonies, training, programs, and orientations in which new employees are expected to be involved. 
Term
Thin Culture
Definition
Dont see common values. Exampl: university faculty that encompasses both a department of sport studies and an athletic department. The dominant values among the staff involved in the athletic program will be ones concerned with producing the best teams. 
Term
Manifestastions of Culture
Definition
Stories, Myths, Symbols, Language, Ceremonies, Physical Setting, Physical Stimuli, Symbolic Artifacts 
Term
Stories 
Definition
Narrative recounted among employees and told to new employees.
Term
Myths 
Definition
are stories, often about the origins and transformations of a company, that are not supported by fact. Myths and stories convey a number of important messages. First, they represent a sense of history. They also help establihs the organization as an enduring entity, can reduce uncertainty for employees. Stories help transmit messages about organizational goals and the way employees should act. 
Term
Symbols
Definition
Used to convey meaning about a sport organization to its members and to the public at large. Ex: Nike=greek goddess;  Atlanta Falcon=falcon is proud and dignified with courage.
Term
Language
Definition
serve to strengthen the organization by providing commonality, and to separate them from others who do not communicate in the same way. 
Term
Ceremonies
Definition

Traditions. Certain shared values within the organization are reinforced. These events provide evidence of the organization values; they are symbolic representations of the type of beliefs and activities important in the organization. 

Ex: team award nights, pregame meals, annual christmas party, pep rally.

Term
Physical Setting 
Definition
consists of physical structure, stimuli, and symbolic artifacts
Term
Physical Structure
Definition

the architects design and physical placement of furnishings in a building that influence or regulate social intercation. 

Ex: open floor plan instead of closed door offices, round tables instead of rectangular, and simple location of the facility 

Term
Physical Stimuli 
Definition
Include activities such as coffee breaks and mail delivery. These events can become rituals. Determine who talks to whom and when. establish patterns on interaction in a sport organization and how inofrmation is channeled. 
Term
Symbolic Artifacts 
Definition

Individuallys or collectively provide clues about a sport organizations culture. 

ex: Banners in arena, trophies and picture of past teams

Term
Power 
Definition
is not seen but its effects are felt. The ability to get someone to do something they would not have otherwise done. 
Term
Authority 
Definition
a form of power. the power that accrues to a person because of his or her role within the organization. Authority is only legitimate within the sport organization that grants the authority. 
Term
Source of Individual Power --> Legitimate
Definition

same as authority. people acquire it through their position with an organization.

ex: managers, AD's, deans, coaches

Term
Souce of Individual Power--> Reward
Definition
power that comes from one person's control of another person's rewards. Ex: coach giving a player more playing time or a stariting position
Term
Source of Individual Power --> Coercive
Definition

Power derived from the ability that one person has to punish with another. 

ex: ISU's threatof banishment for individuals supporting the WSF 

Term
Source of Individual Power--> Referent 
Definition

based on an individual's charisma and another person's identification with this quality. Members of organization identify very strongly with the values of their leader. 

Ex: Dean Smith, Bobby Knight 

Term
Source of Individual Power--> Expert
Definition

accrues because of a person's special knowledge or skill.

Ex: computer technician in a sport org. that uses computer-aided design may wield consdierable power if that person is the only one who knows how to operate computers.

Term
Organizational Power --> Acquistion and Control of Resources 
Definition
those organizations that can provide the most critical and difficul-to-obtain resources come to have power in the organization. 
Term
Organizational Power --> The ability to cope with uncertainty 
Definition
sport organizations constantly deal with uncertainty, arising out of changes in the task environment of the sport organization - suppliers, competitors, fans, regulator agencies, and the like. Ways to cope with uncertainty are acquiring information about future trends, absorption (taking action after an event has occured), and preventing its occurrence 
Term
Organizational Power --> Centrality 
Definition
determineed by the sport organizations strategy and the problems it is facing at a particular time. When people are more central to the flow of information, they are more powerful than those on the periphery.
Term

Organizational Power--> Nonsubstitutability 

 

Definition
the less a subunits activities can be substittuted, the more organizational it has. However, individuals have to ensure that the particular knowledge or skills they possess are not easily replaced. 
Term
Organizational Power --> Control over decision-making process
Definition
power is gained not only by having input in the decision process but alos through control of the process itself. Those who can influence when decisions are made, who are involed in the decision process, and what alternatives are presented become very powerful. 
Term
Political Power-->Building Coallitions 
Definition
coallitions are built when people spend time communicating their views to others, establishing trust relationships, and building mutual respect. Coallitions are only effective when they are tightly united around a particular issue
Term
Political Power --> The use of Outside Experts 
Definition
hire outside experts to support or legitimize one's position
Term
Political power --> Building a Network of Contacts
Definition
networks are established through the formal mechanisms of the sport organization but also through informal means. Sponsors, peers, and subordinates are all important in building a network of contacts. Important to build network of contacts within and outside the organization. 
Term
Political Power--> Controlling Information 
Definition
Influence the outcomes of the decison-making process within their organization or a decision concering their organization. By emphasizing facts that support their position, or by hiding, limiting, or ignoring other relevant information, manager can promote their own position or discredit the points of view put forward by others 
Term
Coalition v. Network 
Definition
Coalition is centralized around a particular issue. It also solely external to the organization. A network is both internal and external and does not revolve around a particular issue.
Term
Elements that enable Group Think 
Definition

1. Illusion of Invulnerability 

2. Inherent Morality of the Group

3. Rationalization

4. Stereotypes of Outsiders

5. Self Censorship 

6. Direct Pressure

7. Mind Guards

8. Illusion of Unamity 

 

Term
Cohesiveness
Definition
Increase in conformity to group norms will increase cohesiveness
Term
Formal Groups--> Command Oriented 
Definition
Usually specified by the organizational chart and comprised of employees who reported directly to a supervisor 
Term
Formal Groups --> Task Oriented
Definition
comprised of people who work together to complete a particular task/project 
Term
Informal Groups --> Interest Oriented
Definition
established to achieve a mutual objective 
Term
Informal Groups --> Frienship Oriented 
Definition
group formed because members have something in common. 
Term
Group Roles 
Definition

A set of expected behaviors assumed by each position in the group.

1. Expected Role --> behaviors expected by the group or organization

2. Perceived Role--> the set of behavior that the position holder believes he/she should enact

3. Enacted Role--> the set of behaviors that, the position holder exhibits.

Term
Group Norms 
Definition

standards of behavior shared by the group members.

1. They only pertain to behaviors considered important by the group. 

2. They are accepted in differing degrees by different numbers

3. They dont necessarily apply to all members. 

4. They do not necessarily agree to elicit behaviors that will achieve organizational goals.

Term
Horizontal Conflict
Definition
Conflict between subunits within organization 
Term
Vertical Conflict 
Definition
Conflict between different hierarchial levels. Occurs because of ones need for control in a sport organization. Appropriate leadership behavior and techniques such as management by objective (MBO), where there is an attempt to establish some degree of congruence between individual and organizational goals can help in avoiding this type of conflict. 
Term
Is Conflict bad or Good?
Definition

conflict is neither bad nor good. In some cases, if a company has no conflict, they will not change what they are doing and can eventually flounder. Stimulating constructive conflict can be used if conflict is too low. 

Conflict can incourage new ideas and decrease the chance of groupthink. 

Term
Sources of Conflict within an Organization: Differentation 
Definition
The more a sport organization differentiates, the greater the likelihood of conflict, because the greater the differences created between subunits. Individuals within subunits may think differently, use different work methods, have different priorities, and come from different backgrounds. 
Term
Sources of Conflict within Organization --> Interdependence
Definition
creates opportunity for interference and blocking associated with conflict. Some level of interdependence between the subunits is necessary for the conflict to become manifest. 
Term
Sources of Conflict within Organization --> Low Formalization  
Definition
less rules and regulations, leads to conflict. 
Term
Sources of Conflcit within Organization --> Competition over Resources
Definition
when two or more subunits within an organization compete for a share of limited resources, they come into conflict with each other. 
Term
Sources of Conflcit within Organization -->Differences in reward Systems
Definition
The more rewards are based on the perfomance of each individual subunit, as opposed to the overall sport organization, the greater the potential for conflict. 
Term
Sources of Conflcit within Organization --> Power Incongruence
Definition
Ex: in an athletic department the A.D. is higher up the organization hierarchy then the basketball coach. However, due to the importance attributed to the basketball program on many US university campuses, the basketball coach may perceive himself and be perceived by others as having considerable power. If the coach then starts to give "orders" to the AD, conflict is likely to ensue.
Term
Sources of Conflcit within Organization --> Communication Problems 
Definition
infomation being exchaned vertically through the organization can get distorted and mistinterpreted, resulting in conflict. Conflict can also occur if one subunit stops communication with another or withholds information. 
Term
Sources of Conflcit within Organization -->Participative decision making
Definition
By allowing more people "to have their say" participative decision-making facilitates the expression of more diverse opinions, raising, the potential for conflict. 
Term
Sources of Conflcit within Organization --> Role Conflict 
Definition
people often find themselve in a conflict situation if their role responsibilities suddenly change, or if different expectations are placed on them. Changing a person's role in a sport organization can lead to conflict. Also if the job change is viewed as a demotion, the level of stress increases and so does the potential for conflict. 
Term
Trait Theory of Leadership 
Definition
evolved from the great man theory, which says that leaders are born, not made. Implies upper class bias. This theory doesnt consider the inherited nature of all leadership qualities. A downside to this theory is that no moral judgment is in this analysis.
Term
Behavior Theory of Leadership 
Definition
Focuses on observable actions of leaders. The focus of this research is to identify the style of leadership or leader behaviors most likely to increase the effectiveness of subordinates. 
Term
Contingency theory of Leadership 
Definition
effective leadership depends on matching appropriate leadership style to the particular situation. Contingency theories of leadership "draw attention to the notion that there are no universally appropriate styles of leadership, but that particular styles have an impact on various outcomes in some situations but not in others. 
Term
Sources of Individual Power
Definition
Legitimate Power, Reward Power, Coercive Power, Referent Power, Expert Power
Term
Sources of Organizational Power
Definition
Acquisition and control Of Resources; The ability to cope with uncertainty; Centrality; Nonsubstitutability; Control over the Decision Making Process
Term
Politcal tactics to achieve Effectiveness 
Definition
Building Coalitions; The Use of Outside Experts; Building a network of Contacts; Controlling Information 
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