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Management: Principles and Applications
Chapter 1-4 Vocab
89
Management
Undergraduate 1
01/22/2016
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Term
management:
 Definition
A set of activities designed to achieve an organization’s objectives by using its resources effectively and efficiently in a changing environment.
Term
effectively:
 Definition
Using resources in a way that produces a desired result.
Term
efficiently:
 Definition
Accomplishing the objectives with a minimum of resources.
Term
managers:
 Definition
Individuals who make decisions about the use of the organization’s resources, and are concerned with planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the organization’s activities so as to reach its objectives.
Term
organizations:
 Definition
Groups of individuals who work together to achieve the goals or objectives that are important to these individuals.
Term
resources:
 Definition
People, equipment, finances, and data used by an organization to reach its objectives.
Term
stakeholder:
 Definition
A person or group that can affect, or is affected by, an organization’s goals or the means to achieve those goals.
Term
planning:
 Definition
Determining what the organization will specifically accomplish and deciding how to accomplish these goals.
Term
organizing:
 Definition
The activities involved in designing jobs for employees, grouping these jobs together into departments, and developing working relationships among organizational units/departments and employees to carry out the plans.
Term
leading:
 Definition
Influencing others’ activities to achieve set goals.
Term
controlling:
 Definition
Those activities that an organization undertakes to ensure that its actions lead to achievement of its objectives.
Term
interpersonal roles:
 Definition
Activities that involve interacting with others who may be external or internal to the organization at a higher or lower level than the manager.
Term
informational roles:
 Definition
Activities—including reporting, preparing data analyses, briefings, delivering mail, emailing, websites, and making telephone calls—that focus on data important for the decisions the manager needs to make.
Term
decisional roles:
 Definition
Activities that deal primarily with the allocation of resources in order to reach organizational objectives.
Term
interpersonal skills:
 Definition
Skills such as communication, listening, conflict resolution, and leading that are necessary to work with others.
Term
technical skills:
 Definition
The knowledge and ability to accomplish the specialized activities of the work group.
Term
conceptual skills:
 Definition
The intellectual abilities to process information and make accurate decisions about the work group and the job tasks.
Term
upper managers:
 Definition
Managers who spend most of their time planning and leading because they make decisions about the overall performance and direction of the organization.
Term
middle managers:
 Definition
Managers who receive broad statements of strategy and policy from upper-level managers and develop specific objectives and plans.
Term
lower or first-line managers:
 Definition
Managers concerned with the direct production of items or delivery of service.
Term
human resources managers:
 Definition
Managers concerned with developing and carrying out systems that are used to make decisions about employees such as selection, training, and compensation.
Term
marketing managers:
 Definition
Managers who develop marketing strategies and make decisions about how to implement those strategies.
Term
finance managers:
 Definition
Managers who focus on obtaining the money needed for the successful operation of the organization and using that money in accordance with organizational goals.
Term
production and operations managers:
 Definition
Managers who schedule and monitor the work process that turns out the goods or services of the organization.
Term
information technology (IT) managers:
 Definition
Managers who implement, maintain, and control technology applications.
Term
organizational culture:
 Definition
The values, norms, and artifacts shared by members of an organization.
Term
for-profit companies:
 Definition
Organizations owned either privately by one or more individuals or publicly by stockholders.
Term
nonprofit organizations:
 Definition
Institutions such as governments, social cause organizations, and religious groups that cannot retain earnings over expenses, do not have equity interests, and cannot be bought or sold.
Term
social forces:
 Definition
The relationship of people to each other within a particular culture. economic
Term
forces:
 Definition
The relationship of people to resources.
Term
political forces:
 Definition
The relationship of individuals, their rights, and their property to the state.
Term
Protestant ethic:
 Definition
An interpretation of the purpose of life, stating that, instead of merely waiting on earth for release into the next world, people should pursue an occupation and engage in high levels of worldly activity so that they can fulfill their calling.
Term
capitalism:
 Definition
An economic system wherein the natural laws of supply and demand and free competition within the marketplace will efficiently regulate the flow of resources within a society.
Term
division of labor:
 Definition
The idea of breaking an entire job into its component parts and assigning each specific task to an individual worker; also called specialization.
Term
management theory:
 Definition
A systematic statement, based on observations, of how the management process might best occur, given stated underlying principles.
Term
classical approach:
 Definition
An approach to management that stresses the manager’s role in a formal hierarchy of authority and focuses on the task, machines, and systems needed to accomplish the task efficiently.
Term
scientific management:
 Definition
A theory within the classical approach that focuses on the improvement of operational efficiencies through the systematic and scientific study of work methods, tools, and performance standard
Term
soldiering:
 Definition
The systematic slowdown in work by laborers with the deliberate purpose of keeping their employers ignorant of how fast the work can be done.
Term
quantitative approach:
 Definition
A viewpoint of management that emphasizes the application of mathematical models, statistics, and structured information systems to support rational management decision making.
Term
management science:
 Definition
The field of management that includes the study and use of mathematical models and statistical methods to improve the effectiveness of managerial decision making.
Term
administrative management:
 Definition
The universality of management as a function that can be applied to all organizations.
Term
bureaucracy:
 Definition
A theory of management by office or position, rather than by person, based on rational authority
Term
behavioral approach:
 Definition
A view of management that emphasizes understanding the importance of human behavior, needs, and attitudes within formal organizations.
Term
Hawthorne studies:
 Definition
A group of studies that provided the stimulus for the human-relations movement within management theory and practice.
Term
human-relations movement:
 Definition
A practice whereby employees came to be viewed as informal groups of their own, with their own leadership and codes of behavior, instead of as just unrelated individual workers assigned to perform individual tasks.
Term
Theory X:
 Definition
The assumption that people are naturally lazy, must be threatened and forced to work, have little ambition or initiative, and do not try to fulfill any need higher than security needs at work.
Term
Theory Y:
 Definition
The assumption that people naturally want to work, are capable of self-control, seek responsibility, are creative, and try to fulfill higher-order needs at work.
Term
systems approach:
 Definition
An approach to management theory that views organizations and the environments within which they operate as sets of interrelated parts to be managed as a whole in order to achieve a common goal.
Term
system:
 Definition
An arrangement of related or connected parts that form a whole unit.
Term
closed system:
 Definition
An organization that interacts little with its external environment and therefore receives little feedback from or information about its surroundings.
Term
open system:
 Definition
An organization that continually interacts with its environment and therefore is well informed about changes within its surroundings and its position relative to these changes.
Term
subsystem:
 Definition
Any system that is part of a larger one.
Term
entropy:
 Definition
The tendency of systems to deteriorate or break down over time.
Term
synergy:
 Definition
The ability of the whole system to equal more than the sum of its parts.
Term
acceptance theory of authority:
 Definition
The theory that, in formal organizations, authority flows up, because the decision as to whether an order, or communication, has authority lies with the person who receives the communication.
Term
contingency approach:
 Definition
An approach to management theories that emphasizes identifying the key variables in each management situation, understanding the relationships among these variables, and recognizing the complex system of cause and effects that exists in each and every managerial situation.
Term
knowledge workers:
 Definition
A person who works primarily with information or one who develops and uses knowledge in the workplace.A person who works primarily with information or one who develops and uses knowledge in the workplace.
Term
learning organizations:
 Definition
Refers to companies that facilitate the learning of their members and continuously transform themselves.
Term
environment:
 Definition
All of those factors that affect the operation of the organization.
Term
external environment:
 Definition
All of the factors outside the organization that may affect the managers’ actions.
Term
general environment:
 Definition
The broad, complex factors that affect all organizations.
Term
task environment:
 Definition
Those factors that have a direct effect on a specific organization and its managers, including customers, suppliers, competitors, substitutes, and potential new entrants to the industry.
Term
internal environment:
 Definition
All factors that make up the organization, such as the owners, managers, employees, and board of directors.
Term
sociocultural dimension:
 Definition
The aspect of the general environment that includes the demographics, attitudes, and the values of the society within which an organization operates.
Term
political-legal dimension:
 Definition
Within the general environment, the nature of the relationship between various areas of government and the organization.
Term
technological dimension:
 Definition
Within the general environment, the knowledge and process of changing inputs (resources, labor, and money) to outputs (goods and services).
Term
economic dimension:
 Definition
The overall condition of the complex interactions of economies throughout the world.
Term
global dimension:
 Definition
Pertaining to the general environment, those factors in other countries that affect the organization.
Term
suppliers:
 Definition
Organizations and individuals who provide resources to other organizations
Term
customers:
 Definition
Those who purchase an organization’s goods and/or services.
Term
substitutes:
 Definition
Goods or services that may be used in place of those furnished by a given business.
Term
competitors:
 Definition
Other organizations that produce similar, or in some cases identical, goods or services.
Term
potential new competitors:
 Definition
Companies not currently operating in a business’s industry but which have a high potential for entering the industry.
Term
corporate governance:
 Definition
The formal system of oversight, accountability, and control for organizational decisions and resources.
Term
primary stakeholders:
 Definition
Those who have a formal and/or contractual relationship with the firm, such as customers, suppliers, employees, regulators, investors, and communities.
Term
secondary stakeholders:
 Definition
Groups that have a less formal connection to the organization, such as environmentalists, special interest groups, and the media.
Term
stakeholder orientation:
 Definition
The degree to which a firm understands and addresses stakeholder demands.
Term
stakeholder map:
 Definition
A representation of the organization’s stakeholders and their stakes.
Term
business ethics:
 Definition
Principles, values, and codes of conduct that define acceptable behavior in business.
Term
ethical issue:
 Definition
An identifiable problem, situation, or opportunity that requires a person or organization to choose among several actions that may be evaluated as ethical or unethical.
Term
individual values:
 Definition
Also known as moral philosophies, are sets of principles that describe what a person believes are the right way to behave.
Term
utilitarianism:
 Definition
A philosophy where believers seek the greatest satisfaction for the largest number of individuals.
Term
deontology:
 Definition
Focuses on human rights and values and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior.
Term
codes of ethics:
 Definition
Formalized rules and standards that describe and delineate what the organization expects of its employees.
Term
ethics audit:
 Definition
A comprehensive evaluation of a firm’s ethics and compliance program and its ethical decisions used to determine whether the program is effective.
Term
whistle blowing:
 Definition
Occurs when employees expose an employer’s wrongdoing. This might occur internally or externally.
Term
social responsibility:
 Definition
The obligation a business assumes to maximize its positive impact and minimize its negative impact on society.
Term
consumerism:
 Definition
The activities undertaken by independent individuals, groups, and organizations to protect their rights as consumers.
Term
social audit:
 Definition
A systematic examination of the objectives, strategies, organization, and performance of the social responsibility function.
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