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Management Final
ch 2-12
150
Management
Undergraduate 3
12/10/2010

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Benefits of Diversity
Definition
  1. attracts and retains the best human talent
  2. improves marketing efforts
  3. promotes creativity and innovation
  4. results in better problem solving
  5. enhanes organizational flexibility
Term
Problems of Diversity
Definition
  1. Resistance to Change
  2. Lack of Cohesiveness
  3. Communication problems
  4. Interpersonal conflicts
  5. slowed decision making
Term
Ethical Theories
Definition
Help us to understand, evaluate, and classify moral arguments, make decisions, and then defend conclusions about that is right or wrong
Term
Consequential Theory
Definition
An ethical theor that emphasizes the consequences as a result of behavior
Term
Rule-Based Theory
Definition
An ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the act itself rather than its effects
Term
Character Theory
Definition
An ethical theory that emphasizes the character, personal virtues, and integrity of the individual
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
  • there are no universal ethical principles and that people should not impose their own ethical standards over others
  • "when in rome"
  • can lead individuals to deny accountability for their decisions and to avoid difficult ethical problems
Term
Extraversion
Definition
gregarious, assertive, sociable
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
cooperative, warm
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
Hardworking, organized, dependable
Term
Emotional Stability
Definition
calm, self-confident, cool
Term
Openness to Experience
Definition
creative, curious, cultured
Term
Big 5 Personality Traits
Definition
  1. Extraverted
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Openness to Change
  5. Emotional Stability
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
The tendency to make attritbutions to internal causes when focusing on someon else's behavior
Term
Self-Serving Bias
Definition
The tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes
Term
CAB Model
Definition

C - Cognition

A - Affect

B - Behavioral Intentions

Term
Cognition
Definition

-measured by attitude scales, verbal statements about beliefs

-" I beleive my boss plays favorites at Work"

-" I believe Japanese Workers are industrious"

Term
Affect
Definition
  • measured by physiological indicators and verbal statements about feelings
  • "i don't like my boss"
  • emotional component of an attitude
Term
Behavioral Intentions
Definition
  • measured by obseved behavior and verbal statements about intentions
  • "I want to transfer to another department"
Term
Instrumental Values
Definition
Values that represent acceptable behavior to be used in achieving some end state
Term
Terminal Values
Definition
values that represent the goals to be acheived or the end states of existence
Term
instrumental values
Definition

ambition, honesty, self sufficiency, courage

American most valued = honesty, ambition, responsibility, forgiving nature, open-mindedness, courage

Term
terminal values
Definition

happiness, love, self-respect, freedom

American top rated = world peace, family security, freedom, happiness, self-respect, wisdom

Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
  • focuses on personal perceptions of the performance process
  • people desire certain outcomes of behavior and performance
  • people believe there are relationships between the efforts that they put forth, the performance they acheive, and the outcomes they receive
Term
Instrumentality
Definition
beleif that performance is related to rewards
Term
expectancy
Definition
the beleif that effort leads to performance
Term
valence of an outcome
Definition
the value or importance one places on a particular reward
Term
3 Causes of Motivational Problems
Definition
  1. Disbelief in a relationship between effort and performance
  2. Disbelief between performance and rewards
  3. lack of desire for the rewards offered
Term
moral maturity
Definition
  • measure of a persons cognitive moral development
  • people act and behave based on universal ethical principles
Term
Goal Setting
Definition
  • The process of establishing desired goals that guide and direct behavior
  • lab work
Term
Effective Goals Are...
Definition
  1. Specific and Time Bound
  2. Measurable quantitative
  3. Time-Bound
  4. Priority
Term
Purposes of Goal Setting
Definition
  1. increase work motivatin & task performance
  2. reduce role stress that is associated with confusing/conflicting expectations
  3. improve accuracy/validity of the performance evaluation
Term
3 important behavior aspects of enhancing performance motivation through goal setting are:
Definition
  1. employee participation
  2. supervisory commitment
  3. useful task performance feedback
Term
2 central ingredients in goal setting programs
Definition
  1. Planning
  2. Evaluating
Term
Planning
Definition
  • consists of organizational and individual goal setting
  • discretionary control is usually given to individuals and departments to develop operational and tactical plans to support the corporate objectives
  • HOW/WHAT to do
Term
Evaluation
Definition

consists of interim reviews of goal progress, conducted by managers and employees, and formal performance evaluation

designed to take self-corrected action

need to be : tailored to business, capture what goes on in the business, be easily changed

Term
Goal Setting Programs most easily implemented
Definition
  • stable, predictable industrial Settings
  • mechanical by nature
Term
Performance Management Process
Definition
  1. Define performance in behavioral terms
  2. Performance can be measured and assessed
  3. feed back about performance to individual and used as a bassis for setting goals and establishing plans for improving performance
Term
Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Definition
  • behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty
  • enhanced mostly through employee involvement programs
Term
Performance Appraisal Purposes
Definition
  1. to give employees feedback on performance
  2. identify employee's developmental needs
  3. make promotions and hiring decisions
  4. make demotions and termination decisions
  5. develop information about the organization's selection and placement process
Term
intentions of performance appraisal
Definition
  1. improve the accuracy of measured performance
  2. increase its agreement with actual performance
Term
Performance Measurement Problems
Definition
  1. Deficiency
  2. Unreliability
  3. Invalidity
Term
Invalidity
Definition
inaccurate definition of the expected job performance
Term
Deficiency
Definition
Results from overlooking important aspects of a person's actual performance
Term
Unreliability
Definition

Resuluts from poor quality performance measures:

  • situational factors effecting the evaluator - mood/timing of the evaluation
  • Disagreement between evaluators about methods
  • Temporary personal factors - fatigue/ill health of the person being evaluated
Term
Performance Monitoring Systems
Definition
use technology to measure vehicle operators,computer technicians, and customer service representatives, a result-oriented method, issue is : how far organizations should go in using modern technology to measure human performance?
Term
Preventative Stress Management
Definition
An organization's philosophy that holds that people and organizations should take joint responsibility for promoting health and preventing distress and strain
Term
Primary Prevention
Definition
  • stressor directed
  • the stage in preventative stress management designed to reduce, modify or eliminate the demand or stressor causing stress
  • most organizational prevention programs
  • includes : Job-Redesign, Goal Setting, Role Negotiation, and Career Management
Term
Job Redesign
Definition
  • the combination of a high job demands and restricted job ecision lattitude (worker control) leads to a high-strain job
  • main concern = enhancing worker control which reduces distress and strain without reducing productivity
  • ways to accomplish: increasing decision lattitude and reducing uncertainty and increasing predictability in the workplace
Term
Role Negotiation
Definition
Allows people to modify their work roles, begining with the definition of a specific role (the focal role) within its organizational context
Term
Secondary Prevention
Definition
  • Response directed
  • designed to alter/modify the individual's or the organization's response to a demand or sressor
  • includes : team building, social support systems

 

Term
Social Support Systems
Definition
Socioemotional in nature, support the workforce that is necessary for well-being
Term
Team Building
Definition
  • task oriented
  • team structure under stress may influence  effectiveness
Term
Dominant Defensiveness
Definition
  • active aggression
  • attacking behavior
  • odffensive in nature
  • "I am right and you are wrong"
  • people who compensate for low self-esteem and people in higher levels
Term
Subordinate Defensiveness
Definition
  • passive
  • submissive
  • withdrawing behavior
  • "you are right and i am wrong"
  • low self-esteem/low levels
  • do not adequately assert their thoughts and feelings into the workplace
  • appears passive - underlying aggression
Term
power play
Definition
  • defensive tactic
  • underlying dynamic of domination/control used by people to control and manipulate others through the use of : choice definition, either/or conditions or overt aggression
Term
Put-Down
Definition
  • defensive tactic
  • effort by the speaker to gain the upper hand in the relationship
  • intentionally ignoring the person
  • pointing out their mistakes in a meeting
Term
Labeling
Definition
  • defensive tactic
  • used to portray another person as abnormal/deficient
Term
Raising Doubts
Definition
  • Defensive Tactic
  • about a persons abiliities, values, preferential orientations, other aspects of their life creates confusion and uncertainty
  • lacks specificity and clarity used in labeling
Term
misleading
Definition
  • defensive tactic
  • the selective presentation of information designed to leave a false/inaccurate impression in  the listener's mind
Term
Scapegoating
Definition
  • defensive tactic
  • "buck-passing"
  • method of shifting responsibility to the wrong person, blaming other people
Term
hostile jokes
Definition
  • defensive tactic
  • jokes that are created at the expense of others that are destructive and hostile
Term
Deception
Definition
  • defensive tactic
  • through lying/cheating/variety of means
Term
nondefensive communication
Definition
communication that is assertive, direct, and powerful, a constructive healthy alternative to defensive communication in working relationships
Term
nonverbal communication
Definition

all elements of communication that do not involve words, conveys most of the meaning of a message

  1. proexemics
  2. kinesics
  3. facial and eye behavior
  4. paralanguage
Term
Proexemics
Definition

study of an individuals perception and use of space, including territorial space - bands of space extending outward from the body, bands constitute comfort zones:

  1. intimate space - 1-1.5ft outward
  2. personal distance zone - 1.5-4ft outward
  3. social distance zone - 4-12ft outward
Term
Facial and Eye Movement
Definition
  1. communicate the persons emotional state
  2. act as a messenger that reveals the persons behavioral intentions
Term
Kinesics
Definition
study of body movements including posture
Term
Paralanguage
Definition
consists of variations of speech : Pitch, loudness, tempo, tone, durationl, laughing, crying
Term
Programmed Decisions
Definition

simple, routine matter for which managers have an established decision rule,

- scheduling lunch hours

Term
nonprogrammed decision
Definition

a new, complex decision that requires a creative solution

- buying another company

Term
Decision Making Process
Definition
  1. recognize problem and need for solution
  2. identify objective of decision
  3. gather and evaluate data and diagnose situation
  4. list and evaluate alternatives
  5. select the best course of action
  6. implement the decision
  7. gather feedback
  8. follow up
Term
Rational Model
Definition
a logical, step-by-step approach to decision making with a thorough analysis of alternatives and their consequences, contends that the decision maker is completely rational in their approach
Term
Bounded rationality Model
Definition
assumes that managers select the first alternative that is "good enough" because the costs of optimizing in terms of time and effort are too great and that managers develop short cuts/heuristics that allow managers to make decisions based on what worked in the past
Term
garbage can model
Definition
a theory that contends that decisions in organizations are random and unsystematic
Term
Escalation of Commitment
Definition
continuing to support a failing course of action
Term
2 individual influences that can enhance decision making
Definition
intution and creativity
Term
Intuition
Definition
fast, level below consciousness, involves learned paterns of information, positive force in decision making
Term
creativity process
Definition
  1. preparation- seeking out new experiences
  2. incubation - reflective thought
  3. illumination - individual sensing an insight for solving problem
  4. verification - determines validity of solution/idea
Term
creativity killers
Definition
  • focusing on how work is going to be evaluated
  • being closely monitored while you work
  • competing with people in win-lose situations
Term
impediments to creativity
Definition
  • internal political problems
  • harsh criticism to new ideas
  • destructive internal competition
  • avoidance of risk
Term
creativity facilitators
Definition
  • high quality, supportive relationships with supervisors
  • high-quality social networks that are cohesive
  • flexible organizational structures
Term
responsive creativity
Definition
responding to a problem that is presented to you by others because it is part of your job
Term
contributory creativity
Definition
responding to problems presented to you because you want to be creative
Term
expected creativity
Definition
discovering problems because you are expected to by the organization
Term
proactive creativity
Definition
discovering problems because you want to be creative
Term
social decision schemes
Definition
relationships between group decisions that can sometimes be predicted by comparing viewsof the initial group memebers with the final gropu decision, can predict a group decision 80% of the time
Term
majority wins rule
Definition
used most often in judgement tasks - where the decision is the matter of preference/opinion
Term
truth wins rule
Definition
the correct decision will emerge as an increasing number of members realize its appropriatness- predicts decisions best when the task is an intellective one where the decision has a correct answer
Term
first-shift rule
Definition
members support a decision represented by the first shift in opinion shown by a member
Term
groupthink
Definition
a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment resulting from pressures within the group
Term
group polarization
Definition
the tendency for group discussions to produce shifts toward more extreme attitudes among members
Term
techniques for group decision making
Definition
  1. brainstorming
  2. nominal group technique
  3. delphi
  4. devil's advocacy
  5. quality circles, quality teams
  6. self-managed teams
Term
brainstorming
Definition
a technique for generating as many ideas as possible for a given subject, while suspending evaluations until all the ideas have been suggested
Term
nominal group technique - ngt
Definition

A structured approach to group decision making that focuses on generating alternatives and choosing one, a good technique to use when group members fear criticism, steps :

  1. individuals silently list their ideas
  2. ideas are written on a chart one at a time
  3. discussion is permitted but only to clarify
  4. a written vote is taken

Term
Delphi Technique
Definition
Gathering the judgments of experts for use in decision making
Term
Devil's Advocacy
Definition
A technique for preventing groupthink in which a person or group or individual is given the role of critic during decision making
Term
Dialectical Inquiry
Definition
A debate between two opposing sets of recommendations
Term
quality circles and quality teams
Definition
small groups that voluntarily meet to provide input for solving quality or production problems, generation of ideas, adversary role
Term
Self-managed teams
Definition
more broad than quality circles, delegated authority in decision making process, threat of groupthink, key is to welcome dissent among members
Term
Virtual Teams
Definition
Group of geographically dispersed coworkers who work together using a combination of telecommunications and information technologies to accomplish a task, rarely meet face-to-face, membership shifts according to the task at hand
Term
desktop videoconferencing systems DVCS
Definition
recreate face-to-face interaction of teams and go one step beyond by supporting more complex levels of communication among virtual team members
Term
group decision support systems - GDSS
Definition
computer and communication systems that process incoming data and synthesize pertinent information
Term
agent based modeling - ABM
Definition
computer creates thousands of actors (agent) and they make virtual decisions which provide an estimate of how each decision type might affect outcomes
Term
contingency theories
Definition
involve the belief that leadership style must be appropriate for the particular situation, "if then" theories
Term
Fiedler's Contingency Theory
Definition
the fit between the leader's need structure ad the favorableness of the leader's situation determines the team's effectiveness in work accomplishments. Classifies the favorableness of the leader's situation according to the leader's position power, structure of the teams task, and the quality of the leader-follower relationships
Term
task oriented leaders
Definition
gratified by accomplishing tasks and getting work done
Term
relationship oriented leaders
Definition
gratified b developing good, comfortable, interpersonal relationships
Term
Least-Preferred CoWorker - LPC
Definition

Scale classifies leaders which is a projective technique through which a leader is asked to think about the person with whom he or she can work least well, describes using bipolar adjective sets 

-low measurability reliability

Term
Situational Favorableness
Definition
Leaders situation has 3 dimensions in which is either favorable or unfavorable for the leader
Term
3 dimensions of a situationally favorable leader
Definition

  1. Task Structure - 
  2. Power Position
  3. Leader-Member Relations

Term
Leadership Effectiveness
Definition
Contingency theory that suggests that low and high LPC leaders are each effective if placed in the right situtions
Term
Path-Goal Theory
Definition
theory of leader effectiveness based on an expectancy theory of motivation, the basic role of the leader is to clear the followers path to the goal from the most effective paths
Term
Path Goal Leader Behavior Styles
Definition

  1. Directive
  2. Supportive
  3. Participative
  4. Achievement-Oriented

Term
Directive
Definition
Used when the leader must give specific guidance about work tasks, schedule work, and let followers know what is expected
Term
Supportive
Definition
used when the leader needs to express concern for the followers' well-being and social status
Term
Participative
Definition
used when the leader must engage in joint decision-making activities with followers
Term
Achievement-Oriented
Definition
used when leaders must set challenging goals for followers and show strong confidence in those followers
Term
Normative Decision Theory
Definition
Helps leaders and managers know when to have employees participate in the decision-making process, determines the most appropriate decision making strategy to use, recognizes the benefits of authoritative, democratic, and consultative styles, 5 forms of decision making
Term
5 forms of normative decision making
Definition

  1. decide
  2. consult individually
  3. consult group
  4. faciliate
  5. delegate

Term
Situational Leadership Theory
Definition
suggests that the leader's behavior should be adjusted to the maturity level of it's followers, 4 leadership styles
Term
4 types of situational leadership styles
Definition

  1. delegating
  2. participating
  3. Selling
  4. Telling

Term
Delegating
Definition

  • used when the follower is able and willing 
  • low task, low relationship
  • follower readiness is high
  • low levels of leader involvement needed

Term
Participating
Definition

  • Used when a follower is able to complete a task but may seem unwilling/insecure about doing do
  • high relationship, low task 

Term
Selling
Definition

  • Used when a follower is unable but willing and confident to do a task
  • high task, high relationship
  • opportunities provided for employee

Term
Telling
Definition

  • used when a follower is unable and unwilling to do a certain task
  • providing instructions and closely monitoring performance
  • considerable task behavior, low relationship

Term
Leader-Member Exchange
Definition
Recognizes that leaders may form different relationships with followers, 2 groups - in group and out group
Term
in group members
Definition
similar to leader, have greater responsibilities, more rewards, more attention, more satisfied, lower turnover, higher organizational commitment
Term
out group members
Definition
outside the circle, receive less attention and fewer rewards, managed by formal rules and policies
Term
Substitutes for Leadership
Definition
Idea that some situations can neutralize/replace leader behavior
Term
Transformational Leadership
Definition
Inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance, rely on personal attributes instead of their official position to manage followers
Term
4 dimensions of transformational leaders
Definition

  1. Charisma
  2. individualized Consideration
  3. Inspirational Motivation
  4. Intellectual Stimulation

Term
Charismatic Leadership
Definition
WHen a leader uses force of personal abilities and talents to have profound and extraordinary effects on followers, relies heavily on referent power
Term
Authentic Leadership
Definition

A style of leadership that includes transformational, charismatic or transactional approaches as the situation demands

differs in that authentic leaders have a conscious and well-developed sense of values

Term
moments that matter
Definition
life experiences that lead to authentic leadership development and allow authentic leaders to be their true selves
Term
followership
Definition
been cast as one of the self-leadership in which the follower assumes responsibility for influencing their own performance
Term
Effective Followers
Definition

  • active, responsible, autonomous in their behavior and critical in their thinking without being insubordinate or disrespectful
  • self-leaders who don't need supervision, most valuable
  • self-managed and self-responsible
  • committed
  • invest their time in competence
  • courageous

Term
Alienated Followers
Definition

  • Think independently and critically and are very passive in their behavior
  • become psychologically and emotionally distanced from their leaders 
  • potentially disruptive, threat to organization

Term
Sheep
Definition
followers who do not think independently or critically, passive in their behavior, they simply do what they are told
Term
Yes People
Definition

  • Followers who also do not think independently/critically
  • very active in their behavior
  • uncritcally reinforce the ideas of the leaders with enthusiasm 
  • most dangerous

Term
2 dimensions followers are based on
Definition

 

  1. Activity V Passivity
  2. Independent Critical Thinking V Dependent Uncritical Thinking

 

Term
Dynamic Followers
Definition
A responsible steward of his or her job, is effective in managing the relationship with the boss, and practices responsible self-management
Term
Task Structure
Definition
number and clarity of the rules, regulations, procedures for getting the work done
Term
Power Position
Definition
The leaders legitimate authority to evaluate and reward performance, punish errors, and demote group members
Term
Leader-Member Relations
Definition
Measured by the Group-Atmosphere Scale, composed of 9 bipolar adjective sets 
Term
sitting side by side
Definition
enables cooperation through a seating dynamic
Term
Sitting directly Across
Definition
seating arrangement that shows competition
Term
Right angles
Definition
seating arrangement that signifies communication
Term
three in a row
Definition
seating arrangement that expresses noncommunication
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