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Management Exam 2 - Uconn
Management Exam 2
81
Management
Undergraduate 3
04/06/2014

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Term
Forming
Definition
Stage one in Tuckman's group development theory. It involves the uncertainty people feel in a new group regarding leadership and roles.
Term
Storming
Definition
Stage two in Tuckman's group development theory. It involves members trying to test leaders and experimenting and seeing how a person fits in.
- Rebellious actions
Term
Norming
Definition
Stage Three in Tuckman's group development theory. In this stage, power roles are figured out for the sake of progress. Group unity starts to form.
Term
Performing
Definition
Stage Four in Tuckman's group development theory. This stage involves members doing their work and cohesiveness and determination regarding goals exists.
Term
Adjourning
Definition
Stage Five in Tuckman's group development theory. In this stage members may feel at a loss and things such a reflections and rewards are used to ease this feeling.
Term
Task Roles
Definition
Are roles that enable the group to stay on track and define, clarity and peruse a common purpose.
Term
Maintenance Roles
Definition
These roles fosters supportive and constructive interpersonal relationships.
Term
Initator
Definition
Task Role - A role that serves to suggest new roles.
Term
Elaborator
Definition
A task role that promotes greater understanding through examples or explanations.
Term
Orienter
Definition
A task role that make sure the group is heading in the correct direction.
Term
Energizer
Definition
A task role that encourages the group to keep moving along towards the goal.
Term
Encourager
Definition
A maintenance role that foster group solidarity by accepting and praising other members.
Term
Norm/How they form
Definition
A feeling, attitude or belief shared by two or more people that guides action.
- Help the organization survive
- Clarify/simplify behaviors
- Help avoid embarrassing situations
- Clarify the groups values/identity

Formed by;

1. Statements by supervisors
2. Primacy Effect
3. History
4. Carryover Effects
Term
Team
Definition
A small number of people with similar skills who are committed to a common purpose.Critical events in history

1. Leadership becomes shared
2. Accountability becomes a group issue.
3. Purpose develops
4. Problem solving becomes important
5. Effectiveness is evaluated on outcomes

Teams are considered to be in the performing stage.
Term
Contractual Trust
Definition
Trust of character - Do people do/act they way they say they will? Do people make it clear what they expect from one another.
Term
Communication Trust
Definition
Trust of disclosure - How well to people share information truthfully?
Term
Competence Trust
Definition
Trust of Capability - How well do people carry out their responsibilities and acknowledge other peoples skills/abilities.
Term
Building/Repairing Trust
Definition
This can be done by doing the following things;

1. Communication
2. Support
3. Respect
4. Fairness
5. Predictability
6. Competence
Term
GroupThink
Definition
A mode of thinking that overrides your better judgement to appease other members of your group.

- Personal Assumptions
- Stereotyped Views of opposition
- Illusion of unanimity
- Peer Pressure
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
The tenancy for individual effort to decline as team sizes increase.
Term
Facilitators of Effective Groups
Definition
1. Participative Leadership
2. Shared Responsibility
3. Alignment of Goals
4. High Communcation levels
5. Future Oriented
6. Task focused
7. Creative talents
8. Rapid Resoponse
Term
Team Charters
Definition
A document that describes how the team will operate and and how they will go about their activities.
Term
Performance Strategies
Definition
Strategies that outline what exactly the team is to do what what certain responsibilities are.
Term
Team Composition
Definition
A term that describes the collection of jobs, knowledge, skills and abilities of its members.
Term
Team Adaptive Capacity
Definition
The ability to meet changing circumstances and transition members in and out.
Term
Ration Decision-making Model
Definition
Proposes that managers use a rational 4 step model to make decisions.
- Managers are objective
- Have perfect information
- Considered unrealistic
Term
RM - Stage 1 - Identify the Problem/Opportunity
Definition
During stage one, managers have to realize the root issue or potential avenue that will cause something good to happen
Term
RM - Stage 2 - Generate Alternative Solutions
Definition
In this stage mangers have to decide on the course of action to proceed with. Managers are encouraged to take this step slowly and evaluate non common solutions.
Term
RM - Stage 3 - Evaluate Alternatives and Select a Solution
Definition
In this stage, the ideas generated in step two are evaluated on terms of ethics, feasibility and cost.
Term
RM - Stage 4 - Implement Decision and Evaluteate
Definition
In this stage the solution is implemented and evaluated. If the solution doesn't fix the issues managers need to figure out if the problem was miss identified or the solution was inappropriate.
Term
Optimizing
Definition
The process of picking the best possible solution when problem solving. Its used by mangers in the Rational Model of decision making.
Term
Non-rational Model of Decision Making
Definition
A decision making model that attempts to actually explain how managers make decisions.
- No Perfect Information
- Assumptions are imperfect
Term
Bounded Rationallity
Definition
Decisions are bound by limitations of the persons mind, environment and situation.
- Personality
- Time Constraints
Term
Simon's Normative Model
Definition
A non rational model that says that bounded rationality plays a major part in a decision making process. Managers tend to acquire manageable information opposed to optimal information - this leads to a failure in evaluating all of the possible solutions to a problem
Term
Satisficing
Definition
A management decision that meets certain minimum requirements.
- Finding an "ok" radio station
- Good Enough

Causes include:
1. Poor decision making practices
2. Unclear Goals
3. Lack of leadership
4. Lack of Information
Term
Garbage Can Model
Definition
This model says decisions result from a complex set of interactions between four independent streams of events
1. Problems
2. Solutions
3. Participants
4. Opportunities

Can be compared to a trashcan, where things are thrown together.
Term
Judgmental Heuristics
Definition
Rules of thumb or shortcuts people use to reduce uncertainty.
Term
Availability Heurisitc
Definition
The tendency to base decisions on events that are very recent. This might cause people to overestimate the likely hood of something happening.
Term
Representativenss Heuristic
Definition
This occurs when people estimate the likelihood of an event occurring based on one impressions.
- Hiring students from a university who turned out good in the past
Term
Conformation Bias
Definition
This happens when we make a decision with out the facts to back it up, then proceed to find the facts to prove our point correct.
Term
Anchoring Bias
Definition
When we make a decision based on the first information received about a topic, even if its irrelevant.
Term
Overconfidence Bias
Definition
When we tend to be over optimistic and overconfident about our decisions
Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition
When we look back and examine why we made a choice
Term
Framing Bias
Definition
The way questions or scenarios are worded can lead to us making different decisions.

- Risk vs. Reward
Term
Escalation of Commitment Bias
Definition
The tendency to stick with a bad decision even when the outcomes are not going to resolve themselves.

- Putting more money into an old car
- Saving a bad relationship

This can be prevented by rotating mangers, set standard and encourage managers to become less involved with their decisions.
Term
Directive Decision Making Style
Definition
These people have a low tolerance towards ambiguity and are very task oriented. People who are this type tend to want power and control.
Term
Analytical Decision Making Style
Definition
People who are this type have a higher tolerance towards ambiguity and tend to analyze many alternatives before making a decision.
Term
Conceptual Decision Making Style
Definition
People with this style tend to have a high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to focus on the social aspects in a work environment. These people tend to like interactions from others when making a decision.
Term
Behavioral Approach to Decision Making
Definition
People with this style enjoy working with others and like to exchange ideas. The downside of this approach is that these people are to concerned with others and tend to have a hard time making decisions.
Term
Intuition
Definition
Represents judgement, insights or decisions that come to mind on their own with out outside cues.
Pros: Faster Decisions
Cons: Subject to Decision Making Bias, ignore better ideas
Term
Creativity and the stages of Creativity
Definition
Types are Creation, Synthesis and Modification

Stages are:
1. Preparation
2. Concentration - Focus on issue at hand
3. Incubation - A stage done subconsciously, involves thinking about ways to solve the issue
4. Illumination - Figure out what to do
5. Varification - Enact the creativity
Term
Advantages/Disadvantages of Group Decision Making
Definition
Advantages:
1. Greater Pool of Knowledge
2. Different Perspectives
3. Greater Comprehension
4. Increased Acceptance
5. Training Ground

Disadvantages:
1. Social Pressure
2. Domination
3. Logrolling
4. Goal Displacement - At times secondary arguments or competetions might offset a goal
5. Groupthink - Willingness to be part or the group overrides our betterjudgement.
Term
Brainstorming
Definition
Used by groups to help generate ideas. This method anonymously generates idea in a judge free zone, the goal is to generate a lot of ideas and wild ideas are welcomed.
Term
Desired Outcomes of Conflict
Definition
1. Agreement
2. Stronger Relationships
3. Learning
Term
Personality Conflict
Definition
Interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike or disagreement.
Term
Workplace Incivility
Definition
Low intensity deviant behaviors intended to hard the target.
- Rudeness
Term
In-Group Thinking
Definition
1. Members of groups view themselves as all alike
2. See themselves are morally correct
3. See outsiders as threats
4. Exaggerate differences between other groups
Term
Devils Advocacy
Definition
Is a person who is a critic in a group.
Term
Problem Solving - Intergrating
Definition
A style in which there is high concern for others and a high concern for yourself. It involves confronting the issue as group and determining the best course of action.
Term
Problem Solving - Obliging
Definition
A strategy where the concern for self is low and the concern for others is high. A person who focuses on finding similarities in opposing view points and disregards their own viewpoints.
Term
Problem Solving - Dominating
Definition
High concern for yourself and low concern for others. Considered a I win you lose approach, the other party's needs are largely ignored.
Term
Problem Solving - Avoiding
Definition
Low concern for self and low concern for others. This can include withdrawal from the issue or suppressing the issue all together.
Term
Problem Solving - Compromising
Definition
A give and take approach which shows moderate concern for self and others. This is appropriate when opposite goals exist because everyone gets a little of what they want.
Term
Distributive Negotation
Definition
A negotiation where one person wins and the other person loses.
Term
Integrative Negotation
Definition
A strategy where both parties win and this can foster future business deals and leave both party's happy.
Term
Added Value Negotiaton
Definition
Parties develop multiple deals and also build trust and relationships. These deals satisfy the goals of both parties.
Term
Perceptual Model of Comm.
Definition
Sender
Message
Receiver
Feedback
Noise
Term
Communication Effectiveness - PB
Definition
Some people are better at communicating than others are.
Term
Variations of How Information is Presented - PB
Definition
Depending on when, where and how you were raised/grew up affect reactions in communication.
Term
Variations in Interpersonal Trust - PB
Definition
Communication is more likely to be distorted if a lack of trust exists.
Term
Stereotypes and Prejudices - PB
Definition
Belief in stereotypes can lead to distortions in messages.
Term
Big Egos - PB
Definition
Communication with a person who has a large ego can lead to distortion of messages and meanings.
Term
Poor Listening Skills - PB
Definition
One of the parties isn’t paying full attention to the conversation, leads to distortion of information.
Term
Natural Tendency to Evaluate Others - PB
Definition
We interpret meanings of messages from our own point of view.
Term
Inability to Listen with Understanding - PB
Definition
When we understand what the speaker is feeling when making his statement.
Term
Non Verbal Communication - PB
Definition
When non verbal cues are consistant with the verbal messages, accuracy is increased.
Term
Physical Barriers to Comm.
Definition
Barriers such as background noise, timezone differences, office design and weak phone signals.
Term
Semantic Barriers to Comm.
Definition
The choice of words we use when talking to some one. If they don't understand fully what we mean there are barriers present.
Term
Assertive Style
Definition
Forceful with out taking advantage of other or harming others rights.
- Good eye contact
- Good Posture
- Good tone
Term
Aggressive Style
Definition
A style that takes advantage of others and their needs/boundaries.
- Aggressive Posture
- Loud Voice
- Harsh Words
Term
Non Assertive Style
Definition
A style that is described as timid and allows for us to be take advantage of.
- Lack of eye contact
- Downward glance
- Fillers in speach
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