Term
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Definition
legitimate
reward
coercive
referent
expert |
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Term
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Definition
| there are personal characteristics that all great leaders share |
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Term
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Definition
| there are good behaviors that all leaders share |
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Term
| Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory |
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Definition
| the leader behaviors toward individuals are just as important as the behaviors toward the group |
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Term
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Definition
| universally important traits and behaviors do not exist, and that effective leadership behavior varies from situation to situation |
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Term
| contingency model of leadership effectiveness |
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Definition
| A situational approach to leadership postulating that effectiveness depends on the personal style of the leader and the degree to which the situation gives the leader power, control, and influence over the situation. |
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Term
| Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory |
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Definition
| A life-cycle theory of leadership postulating that a manager should consider an employee’s psychological and job maturity before deciding whether task performance or maintenance behaviors are more important. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that concerns how leaders influence subordinates’ perceptions of their work goals and the paths they follow toward attainment of those goals. |
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Term
| Substitutes for leadership |
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Definition
| Factors in the workplace that can exert the same influence on employees as leaders would provide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who is dominant, self-confident, convinced of the moral righteousness of his beliefs, and able to arouse a sense of excitement and adventure in followers. |
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Term
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Definition
| leader who motivates people to transcend their personal interests for the good of the group |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaders who manage through transactions, using their legitimate, reward, and coercive powers to give commands and exchange rewards for services rendered. |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination of strong professional will (determination) and humility that builds enduring greatness |
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Term
| Pseudo-transformational leaders |
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Definition
| Leaders who talk about positive change but allow their self-interest to take precedence over followers’ needs |
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Term
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Definition
| Forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person’s efforts |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that is followed by positive consequences will likely be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation theory stating that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end |
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Term
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Definition
| A conception of human needs organizing needs into a hierarchy of five major types: 1. Physiological 2. Safety or security 3.Social 4.Ego 5.Self-actualization |
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Term
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Definition
A human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.
Existence needs
Relatedness needs
Growth needs |
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Term
| Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory |
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Definition
Hygiene factors - Characteristics of the workplace can make people dissatisfied
Motivators - Factors that make a job more motivating |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory stating that people assess how fairly they have been treated according to two key factors: outcomes and inputs |
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Term
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Definition
| Set standard, measure performance, compare to standards, determine deviation, if it meets standards continue work if not take corrective action |
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Term
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Definition
Bureaucratic control -The use of rules, regulations, and authority to guide performance
Market control - Control based on the use of pricing mechanisms and economic information
Clan control - Control based on the norms, values, shared goals, and trust among group members |
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Term
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Definition
| A managerial principle stating that control is enhanced by concentrating on the exceptions to or significant deviations from the expected result or standard |
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Term
| 3 approaches to bureaucratic control |
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Definition
feedfoward control - before operations begin, including policies, procedures, and rules
Concurrent control - while plans are being carried out, including directing, monitoring, and finetuning activities
Feedback control - the use of information about previous results to correct deviations |
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Term
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Definition
| a process is producing fewer than 3.4 defects per million, which means it is operating at a 99.99966 percent level of accuracy |
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Term
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Definition
| an evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of various systems within an organization |
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Term
| two types of management audits |
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Definition
external -An evaluation conducted by one organization, such as a CPA firm, on another
internal -A periodic assessment of a company’s own planning, organizing, leading, and controlling processes |
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Term
| Activity-based costing (ABC) |
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Definition
| A method of cost accounting designed to identify streams of activity and then to allocate costs across particular business processes according to the amount of time employees devote to particular activities |
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Term
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Definition
| Control system combining four sets of performance measures: financial, customer, business process, and learning and growth |
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Term
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Definition
tech - The systematic application of scientific knowledge to a new product, process, or service
innovate - A change in method or technology; a positive, useful departure from previous ways of doing things |
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Term
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Definition
| A predictable pattern followed by a technological innovation, from its inception and development to market saturation and replacement |
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Term
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Definition
1. great advantage over its predecessor
2.compatible with existing systems
3. less complex
4. can be tested easily with minimal cost or commitment
5. Can be observed and copied easily |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of comparing the organization’s practices and technologies with those of other companies |
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Term
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Definition
| The question an organization asks itself about whether to acquire new technology from an outside source or develop it itself |
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Term
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Definition
1.Internal development
2.Purchase
3.Contracted development
4.Licensing
5.Technology trading
6.Research partnerships and joint ventures
7.Acquisition of the owner of the technology |
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Term
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Definition
| an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering, and communicating value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders |
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Term
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Definition
| the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. |
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Term
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Definition
1. information technology
2. globalization
3. deregulation
4. privatization
5. competition
6.convergence
7. consumer resistance
8. retail transformation |
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Term
| What is Marketed? 10 things |
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Definition
1. goods
2. services
3. events
4. experiences
5. persons
6. places
7. properties
8. organizations
9. information
10. ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| Product, Price, Place, and Promotion |
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Term
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Definition
consumer markets
global markets
business markets
Nonprofit/government markets |
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Term
| New Consumer Capabilities |
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Definition
increase in buying power
variety of available goods and services
information about practically anything
easier interacting, placing, and receiving orders
ability to compare notes on products and services
amplified voice to influence public opinion |
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