Shared Flashcard Set

Details

man ob ch.11
man ob ch.11
128
Management
Undergraduate 3
05/05/2013

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Leadership
Definition
ability to influence a group towards the achievement of a vision or set of goals
Term
A good leader is...
Definition
extroverted, conscientious, and empathetic (EI)
Term
Behavioral Theories of Leadership
Definition
-specific behaviors differentiate leaders and nonleaders
Term
Initiating Strucutre
Definition

-extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his and others' role in search for goal attainment

 

-how much do they organize shit

Term
Consideration
Definition

-how likely a leader is to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect, and regard 

 

-empathetic

Term
Employee-Oriented Leader
Definition

-emphasizes interpersonal relations, and takes personal interests

 

-hand in hand with consideration

Term
Production oriented leader
Definition

-emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job

 

-hand in hand with intiating structure

Term
Fiedler Contingency Model
Definition
-effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader's style and degree of control and influence
Term

LPC

 

Definition

Least Preferred Coworker questionaire

 

-low LPC: Task oriented

-high LPC: Relationship oriented

Term
Fiedler's Situational Dimensions (3)
Definition

-leader-member relations

 

-task structure

 

-position power

Term
Leader-Member Relations
Definition
-confidence, trust, respect members have for leader
Term
Task Structure
Definition

-degree to which job assignments are procedurized

(structured vs. unstructured)

Term
Position Power
Definition

-degree of influence leader has over power variables 

 

-hiring, firing, discipline, salary increases...

Term

In situations of 

 

high/low control: ____a____-oriented leaders are better

 

medium control:_____b____-oriented leaders are better

Definition

a) task

b) relationship

Term

2 Ways to improve leader effectiveness

(Fiedler's Model)

Definition

change the ledaer to fit the situation

 

change the situation to fit the leader

Term
SLT
Definition

Situational Leadership Theory

-focus on followers

 

-unable and unwilling: clear and pecific directions

-unable and willing: high task orientation and high relationship orientation

-able and unwilling: supportive and participative style

-able and willing: nothing

Term
Path-Goal Theory
Definition

-leader must reduce roadblocks to allow followers to succeed

 

-directive leadership is redundant if employees are experienced or have high ability

 

-Supportive leadership works if tasks are structured

 

-Directive leadership yields greater satisfaction if tasks are unstructured

Term

Leader-Participation Model

 

Definition
-provides set of rules to determine form and amount of participative decision making in different situations
Term
LMX
Definition

Leader-Member Exchange Theory

 

-supports leader's creation of in-groups

-in groups have higher performance ratings, less turnover, greater job-dissatisfaction

Term
Charismatic Qualities
Definition

-have a vision

-willing to take on high personal risk

-empathetic

-unconventional behavior

Term

Charismatic Leadership Theory

 

Definition
-followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors
Term
Charismatic leaders are...
Definition
-extraverts, self-confident, and achievement oriented
Term

How charismatic ledaers influence followers

 

Definition

-vision: long term strategy for attaining goals

-vision statement: formal articulation of vision

-set an example through words and actions

-emotion-inducing unconventional behavior

 

-

Term
Charismatic Leadership works when...
Definition

1)high stress and uncertainty

2)high levels of organization

3)in a crisis

Term

Transactional Leaders

 

Definition
-guide or motivate followers by clarifying role and task reuirements
Term
Transformational Leaders
Definition
-inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests and capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers
Term
a mediocre leader is a good __a__ leader but has no ____b___ leadership qualities
Definition

a) transactional 

b) transformational

Term
Transactional Leadership Behaviors
Definition

-laissez-faire

-management by exception

-contingent reward

Term

Transformational Leadership Behaviors

(all begin with I)

Definition

-Individualized consideration

-intellectual stimulation

-inspirational motivation

-Idealized influence

Term
Transformational Leadership works better in (Larger/Smaller) firms
Definition
Smaller
Term
Authentic Leaders
Definition

-leaders who know who they are 

-act on values openly

-followers believe they are ethical

Term
Socialized Charismatic Leadership
Definition
-leaders convey values that are other-centered (not self-centered) and role-model ethical conduct
Term
Trust
Definition
-positive expectation that another won't bone you
Term
Team Structure
Definition
An organizational structure in which entire organization is made up of work teams
Term

Advantages and Disadvantages

of Team Structures

Definition

Pros

-employees involved and empowered

-reduced barriers among functional areas

Cons

-No clear Chain of Command

-Pressure on teams to perform

Term
Matrix Structure
Definition

-organizational structure that assigns specialists from different functional departments to work on one or more projects

-workers return to functional area after complete

Term
Project Structure
Definition

-organizational structure in which employees continuously work on projects

-workers move on to another project once the first is completed

Term

Advantages vs. Disadvantages

of Matrix-Project Structures

Definition

Pros

-fast decision making

-flexible to respond to environmental changes

Cons

-Complexity of assigning people to projects

-Task and Personality Conflicts

Term
Boundaryless Organization
Definition
-organization whose design is not defined by horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries imposed from a predefined structure
Term
Virtual Organization
Definition
-organization that consists of a small core of full-time employees and outside specialists temporarily hired as needed to work on projects
Term
Network Organization
Definition
-organization that uses its own employees to do some work activities and networks of outside suppliars to provide other needs
Term

Advantages vs. Disadvantages 

of Boundaryless Structure

 

Definition

-Highly flexible and responsive

-utilizes talent where found

Cons

-Lack of Control

-Communication Difficulties

Term
Learning Organization
Definition
-organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change
Term

Advantages vs. Disadvantages 

of Learning Organization

Definition

Pros

-sustainable source of competitive advantage

-sharing of knowledge

Cons

-Employees reluctant to share knowledge (fear of losing power)

-Large number of experienced employees on verge of retiring

Term

Advantages vs. Disadvantages

of Collaboration

Definition

Pros

-increased communication

-greater innovative output

-ability to address complex problems

-sharing of best practices

Cons

-potential interpersonal conflict

-different views and competing goals

-logistics of coordinating

Term
Internal Collaboration Structures
Definition

-Cross-functional Teams

-Task Force

-Communities of Practice

Term
Cross-Functional Team
Definition
-work team composed of individuals from various functional specialties
Term

Task Force

 

Definition

-temporary committee or team formed to tackle a specific short-term problem affecting several departments

-TEMPORARY

Term

Communities of Practice

 

Definition

-groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or passion about a topic

-interact on ongoing basis to deepen knowledge

Term

External Collaboration Structures

 

Definition

-Open Innovation

-Strategic Partnerships

Term
Open Innovation
Definition
-opening up the search for new ideas beyond the organization's boundaries
Term

Strategic Partnerships

 

Definition
-collaborative relationships between two or more organizations in which they combine resources and capabilities
Term
3 characteristics of Trustworthy Leader
Definition

1. integrity: thruthfulness (practicing what you preach)

 

2. Benevolence: keeps others interests at heart

 

3. Ability: capable of getting job done

Term
Trust Propensity
Definition
-how much a follower is prone to trust a leader
Term
Trust Outcomes
Definition

-risk taking

-information sharing

-more effective groups

-increased productivity

Term
Mentor
Definition
-senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee (protege)
Term
Attribution Theory of Leadership
Definition

-leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals

 

-heroes and geniuses when organization does well

-villains when organization does poorly

 

-focuses on appearence of leader rather than actual accomplishments

Term
Substitutes
Definition

-attributes that can replace the need for a leader's support or ability to create structure

 

-ex. experience and training substitutes need for task-oriented leadership

 

 

Term
Neutralizers
Definition

-attributes that make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes

 

-ex. indifference to rewards neutralizes need for relationship(and task)-oriented leadership

Term
Identification Based Trust
Definition
-trust based on a mutual understanding of eachother's intentions and appreciation of each other's wants and desires
Term
Power
Definition

-capacity A has to influence behavior of B so B acts according to A's wishes

 

-capacity: can have power and not use it (potential)

Term
Dependency
Definition

-B's relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires

 

-based on alternatives and importance of each alternative

Term
Power vs. Leadership
Definition

-power is based on dependency (doesn't have to have similar goals

 

-Leadership requires congruence of goals

 

-Leaders use power to attain goals

Term
Formal power
Definition
power based on an individual's position in an organization
Term
Examples of Formal Power
Definition

-Coercive Power

-Reward Power

-Legitimate Power

Term
Coercive Power
Definition

-power that is based on fear of a negative outcome

 

-pain, frustration, controlling basic physiological or safety needs

Term
Reward Power
Definition

-opposite of coercive power

 

-power based on belief of a positive outcome

 

-pay rates, raises, bonuses

Term
Legitimate Power
Definition

-power based on position in formal heirarchy of organization

 

-principals, army captains, etc.

Term
Personal Power
Definition
-power derived from one's characteristics
Term
Types of Personal Power
Definition

-Expert Power 

-Referent Power

Term
Expert Power
Definition

-power based on special skills or knowledge

 

-doctor, accountant

Term
Referent Power
Definition

-power based on identification with a person who has desirable traits or resources

 

-power comes from other trying to please you because they like you

 

-sports endorsements

Term
Most Effective Base of Power
Definition
-Personal Power NOT Formal Power
Term
What Creates Dependency
Definition

-resources you control are 

 

important

scarce

nonsubstitutable

Term
Power Tactics
Definition
ways in which people exercise power into specific actions
Term
ex. of Power Tactics
Definition

-legitamacy: using rank

-rational persuasion: using logic and factual evidence

-Inspirational Appeals:appealing to targets needs, hopes, and admiration

-consultation:involving target in decisions

-exchange: rewarding with benefits or favors

-personal appeals: compliance based on friendship or loyalty

-ingratiation:flattery, praise

-pressure: warnings, demands, threats

-coalitions:using others to persuade

Term
Most Effective Power Tactics
Definition

-rational persuasion

-inspirational appeals

-consultation

Term
political skill
Definition
-ability to influence others to enhance your objective
Term
Sexual harassment
Definition
-unwanted activity of a sexual nature that effects an individuals employment and creates a hostile work environment
Term
Most Frequent source of sexual harassment in workplace
Definition
-co-workers
Term
Political Behavior
Definition
-activities not required as part of one's formal role,but influence distribution of advantages and disadvantages
Term
Legitimate vs. Illegitimate Behavior
Definition

-legitimate:everyday normal politics

ex. complaining to supervisor, forming coalitions

 

-illegitimate: extreme political behavior that violates "rules of the game"

ex. sabatoge, whistle-blowing

Term
Individual Factors of Political Behavior
Definition
-high self-monitors, high-mach, less organizational commitment use more politicking
Term
Organizational Factors of Political Behavior
Definition

-more influential than individual characteristcs

-declining resources, role ambiguity, low job security influence politicking

Term
Defensive Behaviors
Definition
-reactive and protective behaviors to avoid action or blame
Term
IM
Definition

Impressions Management

 

-how individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them

Term
Conflict
Definition
the perception of one party that another party has (or is about to) negatively affect something they care about
Term
Traditional View of Conflict
Definition
all conflict is bad and must be avoided
Term
Interactionalist View of Conflict
Definition

-conflict can be positive 

-some conflict is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively

Term
Managed View of Conflict
Definition
-resolve naturally occuring conflicts productively
Term
Functional Conflict
Definition
-conflict that supports goals of a groupand improves performance
Term
Dysfunctional Conflict
Definition
conflict that hinders group performance
Term
Task Conflict
Definition

conflict related to content and goals of work

 

 

Term
Relationship Conflict
Definition
-conflict related to interpersonal relationships
Term
Process Conflict
Definition
conflict related to how work gets done
Term
Relationship Conflicts are almost always _____
Definition
negative
Term
Task and Process Conflict at low levels are __a___ and are ___b___ at medium and high levels
Definition

a) sometimes functional

b)almost always dysfunctional

Term
Conflict Process (5 steps)
Definition

1. Potential opposition 

2. Cognition and personalization

3. Intentions

4. Behavior

5. Outcomes

 

PCIBO

Term
Step 1: Potential Opposition or incompatibility
Definition

-3 sources of conflict

 

1. Communication: misunderstandings, "noise", too little or too much communication

 

2.Structure: jurisdictional clarity, goal compatibility

 

3. Personal Variables: personality, emotions, values

Term
Stage 2: Cognition and Personalization
Definition

-parties decide what the conflict is about

-potential for opposition is actualized 

 

Term
Percieved Conflict
Definition
-one or more parties knows opposing conditions exist
Term
Felt Conflict
Definition
emotional involvement in conflict that creats anxiety
Term
Intentions
Definition

decisions to act in a given way

 

-intentions and behavior differ

Term
Competing
Definition

-satisfy your own interests regardless on impact of the other

 

assertive, uncooperative

Term
Collaborating
Definition

-both parties to satisfy concerns of other

 

assertive, cooperative

Term
Avoiding
Definition

desire to withdraw or supress a conflict

 

unassertive,uncooperative

Term
Accomodating
Definition

placing other's interests before yours

 

unassertive, cooperative

Term
Compromising
Definition

each party in conflict is willing to give up something

 

incomplete satisfaction on both parties

Term
Stage 4: Behaior
Definition

-conflict becomes visible

-statements, actions, and reactions of conflict

Term
Conflict management
Definition
-use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict
Term
Negotiation
Definition

two or more parties exchange resources and agree on an exchange rate

 

process of allocating scare resources

Term
Distributive bargaining
Definition

win-lose situation

 

negotiation to divide fixed amount of resources

Term
Fixed Pie
Definition
-set amount of resources to be divided
Term
Integrative Bargaining
Definition

win-win situation

 

negotiation to make both parties happy

Term
Negotiation Process (5 steps)
Definition

1. Preparation and Planning

2. Definition of Ground Rules

3. Clarification and Justification

4. Bargaining and Problem Solving

5. Closure and Implementation

 

 

Term
BATNA
Definition

Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement

 

-least you should accept

Term
Mediator
Definition
-neutral third party who facilitates negotiation by using reasoning, persuasion, and suggestions for alternatives
Term
Arbitrator
Definition
-third party with the authority to dictate an agreement
Term
Conciliator
Definition
trusted third party that provides informal communication link between parties
Term
Consultant
Definition

neutral third party, skilled in conflict management, who facilitates creative problem solving through communication and analysis

 

-get the parties to share knowledge and get along rather than provide solution

Term
Omnipotent View of management
Definition
managers are directly responsible for organizational success or failure
Term
Symbolic View of Management
Definition
much of an organization's successes and failures come from external sources outside manager's control
Term
External Environment
Definition

-factors and forces outside the organization that affect its performance

 

-economic

-global

-political

-sociocultural

-demographics

 

Term
Environmental Uncertainty
Definition
degree of change and complexity in an organization's environment
Term
Environmental Complexity
Definition
number of compenents in an organization's environment and the extent of he organization's knowledge about those components
Supporting users have an ad free experience!