Term
|
Definition
| Two sexes. Male produces spermatozoa via testes. Female produces ova via ovaries. |
|
|
Term
| Abdominal cavity position of testes is in what animals? |
|
Definition
| Monotremes, armadillos, tree sloths |
|
|
Term
| Permanently descended testes are in what animals? |
|
Definition
| Primates, carnivores, antiodactyls, perrisodactyles |
|
|
Term
| Seasonally descended in scrotum position of testes are in what animals? |
|
Definition
| Many rodents, some bats. They are only needed certain times of the year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm production. occurs in seminiferous tubules of testes. meiosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cells around seminiferous tubules. produces testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes follicle to rupture making ovum pass to oviduct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruptured follicle beomes corpus luteum. Produces progesterone, growth of uterine lining, development of mammary glands. Oviducts receive mature eggs, and are the site of fertilization. Cilia move ovum to uterus. |
|
|
Term
| Monotreme uterus (egg-laying) |
|
Definition
| urogenital sinus and cloaca |
|
|
Term
| Didelphous uterus (marsupial) |
|
Definition
| paired uteri, oviducts, vaginal canals |
|
|
Term
| eutherian uteri (four kinds) |
|
Definition
| Duplex uterus, bipartite uterus, bicornuate uterus, simplex uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 uteri, 2 cervices. Lagomorphs and rodents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 uteri, 1 cervix. Carnivores and cetaceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common, insectivores, some bats, artiodactyls, perrisodactyls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primates, anteaters, pangolins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in most marsupials. Weak connection (no villi) to uterus, so inefficient nutrient/waste exchange. Greatly enlarged yolk sac, short gestation due to inability to efficiently give nutrients to embryo. Long lactation, avg. gestation is 20-30 days... longest being 90 days. Born very small, underdeveloped, eyes closed, hairless. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eutharians and bandicoots. Strong connection (villi) results in efficient transfer of nutrients and waste. Reduced yolk sav, uterus highly vascularized, long gestation - lots of nutrients coming from mother. Short lactation. About 30 miles of villi for a high level of surface area. |
|
|
Term
| In Marsupials, there is short gestation but... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mammals not including marsupials, there is a longer gestation but... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief period of receptivity shortly before and after ovulation ("heat"). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ovulation happens before copulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ovulation happens after copulation (cats, rodents, rabbits) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time span from one period of estrus to the next (during breeding season). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species have one estrous cycle per year (some carnivores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species have morethan one estrous cycle per year (rodents) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delay in ovulation and fertilization following copulation. Seen in some hibernating mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very reduced growth rate of embryo folowing implantation. (7 month gestation) Some bats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| postponement of embedding of blastocyst in uterine epithelium. Several days or months. Insectivores, rodents, bears, mustelids, seal, armadillos, some bats, roe deer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a period of arrested or slowed development of an embryo at the state of the blastocyst. Many marsupials including wallabies and kangaroos. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of milk by mammary glands. complex proccess |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fats (0.2-61%), proteins, lactose (milk sugar), various enzymes, antibodies |
|
|
Term
Class Mammalia
Subclass Prototheria
Order Monotremata |
|
Definition
Australia and New Guinea
Several primitive characteristics: ovipary, no corpus callosum, cloaca, cervical ribs, low body temp ~32C, epipubic bones, project forward from pelvic girdle, reptile-like testes and sperm, pectoral girdle.
Mammal like characteristics: Hair, mammary glands, (no nipples), D-S jaw artic., 3 ear bones, left aortic arch/ 4 chambered heart.
Distinctive characteristics: No adult teeth, abdominal testes, no scrotum, baculum, k-selective, no vibrissae, only left ovary sheds small eggs, incubation is about 10-11 days and milk is secreted onto fur tufts. |
|
|
Term
Class Mammalia
Subclass Prototheria
Order Monotremata
Family Ornithorhynchidae |
|
Definition
duck-billed platypus
Semi-aquatic, feeds on inverts, beak with nerve endings, venomous glands/spur, breeds in H2O, eggs in burrow, no pouch. |
|
|
Term
Class Mammalia
Subclass Prototheria
Order Monotremata
Family Tachyglossidae |
|
Definition
echidnas (spiny anteaters)
Specialized for myrmecophagy, long tongue, flexible beaks, spurs but no venom, pouch/single young, ovaries functional on both sides, crepuscular - active at dawn and dusk |
|
|
Term
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Metatheria |
|
Definition
Neotropics, Australia, South America (Marsupials)Simple placenta,altricial young, 2 vag. canals, bifurcated penis, separate urogenital and anal openings, angular inflection of mandible, diprotodont incisors and large number of primitive incisors.
Seven orders based on dentition and digits.
About half with permanent pouch, Viviparous, teeth throughout life, small brains, altricial young, scrotum anteriorto penis, no baculum, dentary Jugal and squamosal articulation, lower BMR than eutharians, narrower range of niches (no flying/marine), choriovitelline placenta (weak villa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower invisors small, unspecialized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first incisors enlarged to meet upper incisors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no fused toes, own skin sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second and third toes fused, two "claws" but same skin sheath |
|
|
Term
Infraclass Metatherians
Order Didelphimorphia
Family Didelphidae |
|
Definition
| "new world possums". Most in South America, Polyprotodont, didactylous, primitive dental formula, absent to well-developed pouch, sparsely-haired prehensile tail, narrow brain case, many with opposable thumbs |
|
|
Term
Infraclass Metatherians
Order Didelphimorphia
Family Didelphidae |
|
Definition
| "new world possums". Most in South America, Polyprotodont, didactylous, primitive dental formula, absent to well-developed pouch, sparsely-haired prehensile tail, narrow brain case, many with opposable thumbs |
|
|
Term
Infraclass Metatherians
Order Pavatuberculata
Family Caenolestidae |
|
Definition
Shrew or Rat Opossum
3 genera, 6 spp, Western South America. Small, shrew-like, diprotodont, didactylous, primarily insectivores, no marsupium, dense forests and high elevations |
|
|
Term
Infraclass Metatherians
Order Microbiotheria
Famiy Microbiotheriidae |
|
Definition
Monito del monte "little monkey of the forest"
High Andes, Nocturnal, arboreal, forage on inverts, polyprotodont, didactylous, fat storage in tail for hibernation (double weight), also known as colocolos (bad luck) |
|
|
Term
Order Dasyuromorphia
Family Myrmecobiidae |
|
Definition
Numbat
Australia, myrmecophagous (52 teeth, 10cm tongue, 10-20 thousand termites/day), no marsupium, polyprotodont, didactylous, endangered/habitat alteration and predation of red foxes. |
|
|
Term
Order Dasyuromophia
Family Dasyuridae |
|
Definition
Tasmanian devil, marsupials
Australia, 61 spp., carnivorous, insectivorous, poorly developed marsupium, 5 toes on manus, 4-5 on pes, carnassial teeth, populations reduced, under concern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kangaroos, koalas, wombat, sugar-gliders
11 families, 116 spp, Australia, New Guinea, diprotodont, syndactylous, many with schizodactylous feet, mostly herbivorous, but also insect, nectivores, omnivores, big toe on hind foot also opposable (some) |
|
|
Term
Order Notoryctemophia
Family Notoryctidae |
|
Definition
Marsupial moles (2spp)
Only completely fossorial mammals, no eyes, ear, fusiform body, dietis moth and beetle larvae and eggs, well-developed marsupium.
"Swim" in soil, no tunnels, nasal shield, abdominal testes, eaten by aborigines, endangered (threat unknown) |
|
|
Term
Order Pelamelemorphia
Family Peramelidae
Family Thylacomyidae |
|
Definition
| Bandicoots, bibies. Australia, New Guinea, chorioallantoic placenta (no villi), highest rep. rates in marsupials. Omnivores, specialized in inverts but eat plant and small verts. |
|
|
Term
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria |
|
Definition
cladogram of living "insectivores" morphology.
Traits: small size, rely on hearing, smell, touch (not vision), echolocation (some), plantigrade, 5 toes, small eyes, reduced jugal, dilambodont ("W") or tribosphenic teeth, lack ossified tympanic bullae |
|
|
Term
Order Afrosoricida
Family Tenrecidae (10,30) |
|
Definition
Tenrecs, other shrews
Madagascar, W. Africa. Broad radiation, numerous adaptations, consequently 3 subfamilies, zalambodont ("Z") dentition, cloaca, reduced body temp at rest, more than one sp. hibernates, fossil records from Madagascar, E. Africa, up to cat size, possess spines, Nocturnal, omnivorous, Hemicentetes use quillsto produce sounds |
|
|
Term
Order Afrosoricida
Family Tenrecidae
Subfamily Oryzonyctinae |
|
Definition
| Lack spines, shrew or mole-like, limnogale is aquatic, some fossorial. |
|
|
Term
| Family Tenrecidae Subfamily Potamogalinae |
|
Definition
| Other shrews, 3 spp., otter shrews, potamogale large, 60cm., 1kg., early branch of family. |
|
|
Term
| Order Afrosoricida Family Chrysochloridae (9, 21) |
|
Definition
| Golden moles, southern Africa, fossorial. Insectivores, 36-40 teeth, small ears, skin-covered eyes, malleus greatly enlarged, cloaca, canine-like premolars, Zalambodont, leathery snout, forepaws under body (talids to side), tabular bones, unique. |
|
|
Term
| Order Erinaceomorphia Family erinaceida (10,24) |
|
Definition
| Hedgehogs, gymnures. Africa, Euope, Asia, mouse to small rabbit size, 36-44 teeth, complete zygomatic arch, quadrate molars, plantigrade, hedgehogs have spines (young born with soft spines), gymnures lack spines, some sp. hibernate, hedgehogs nocturnal,gymnures diurnal, terrestrial but good climbers and swimmers, solitary |
|
|
Term
| Order Soricomorpha Family Solenodontidae |
|
Definition
| Selenodons Haiti and Cuba, Endangered - land cons. and predation, 40 teeth, grooved i2 incisor, toxic saliva, primarily insectivores, social, multiple litters live together |
|
|
Term
| Order Soricomorpha Family Soricidae |
|
Definition
| Shrews (26,376spp) Most speviouse family of former insectivores, worldwide dist. except Aust. and Southern S. america, lack zygomatic arch, lack tympanic bullae, dilambodont molars, distinct doubled condyloid process, 26-32 teeth, incisors: 1 large, 2 cusps., 1 long,forward projecting,remaining cusps, peglike,unicuspid, small size (2-3g extreme), small eyes, some may echolocate. High metabolic rate, feed throughout day, insectivres, pointedsnout aids in searching. Prefer moist habitats, some aquatic (fur bet. toes aids in swimming). Fossil record poor, small delicate bones. Shed deciduous teeth en utero. |
|
|
Term
| Order Soricomorpha family Talpidae |
|
Definition
| (17,39) moles, shrew-moles, desmans. Hoarctic, N. America, Europe. 2/3 of sp. partially fossorial, some aquatic (desmans), some terrestrial (shrew-moles), insectivores, high met. rate, active all day/night. Prefer moist soils (burrowing). Fossorial moles possess several specializations: fusiform bodies, short legs, small eyes; forelimbs rotates, sharp claws, short fur knaps any direction, complete zygo-arch (stronger), 33-44 teeth, dilambodont molars |
|
|
Term
| Order Macroscelidea family Macroscelididea |
|
Definition
| (4,15) elephant shrews (sengis) Africa South of 15N Longitude Except elephant shrew (morrocco) Adapted for leaping, long hind legs - escape mechanism. Elongated snouts, large eyes/ears, Rhynchocyon hind toes only to 3. Mouse/squirrel size. Skull: complete auditory bullae (unique) upper canine has 2 roots, 36-42 teeth. Nocturnal foragers solitary or small colonies. |
|
|
Term
| Order Scandentia Family Tupaiidae (4,19) Family Ptilocercidae (1,1) |
|
Definition
| Tree shrews, SE Asia. Complete zygo. arch, bullae, post orb. process, squirrel like appearance, 5 front toes (squirrels have 4), large eyes, dentition: upper incisors like canines, 38 teeth, dilambodont molars. Omnivores, semi-arboreal, diurnal, solitary to small groups |
|
|
Term
| Order Dermoptera Family Cynocephalidae (2,2) |
|
Definition
| Colugas (flying lemurs) SE Asia, Phillipeans, squirrel-sized (1-2kg), most extensive patagium (can glide over 100m), sharp claws for climbing, vulnerable on ground. Skull: broad, flat. Nearly complete post orb. process. Herbivorous, scrape leaf surfaces w/comb-like incisors. Elongates intestine and cecum. Spend days in dens or suspended from branches. Hang upside down while feeding and traveling. Nocturnal. |
|
|
Term
| Class Mammalia Subclass Therian Order Chiroptera Two suborders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Old world fruit bat One family, old world tropics, subtropics, fruit,nectar or pollen. No hibernators, nothing w/echolocation, largest bats (~1.7m wingspan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 17 families, 930 sp. Worldwide, not arctic, very high land. Complex pinnae of ear, some with facial ornamentation, some hibernate. |
|
|
Term
| General bat characteristics |
|
Definition
| small hind limbs directed laterally locking tendon - allows to hang without energy use calcar - thin cartil. spur on ankle for support Slender, light bones, not hollow like birds Well developed pectoral girdle, keeled sternum Forearm, metacarpals, fingers greatly enlarged Uropatagium in some (bet. legs and tail) Skull inflated in auditory region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projection from lower margin of pinnae in many microptera. Aids in echolocation. (Receive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Facial ornam. used in transmission of echo. pulses when ultrasonic pulses are emitted through nostrils. (transmission) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited repro. potential. Most only one litter/year with 1-2 young. Long lived, over 30 yrs, strange for such a small animal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emission of high-frequency sound pulses to gain information about surroundings from returning echoes |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Microchiroptera Family Phylostomidae |
|
Definition
| New World leaf-nosed bats (160spp) Western US to North. SA Fleshy projections to help beam out echolocation call through nose. Vampire bats - tropical/subtrop. America. Feed exclusively on blood of warm blooded animals. Adaptation: sharp invisors, large canines, cheek teeth very small in size and number. Go for sparsely haired areas on ungulate. Some cause wound infection or disease spread. Narrow esophagus, simple stomach/digestion. Anti-coagulant in salive called Draculin (glycoprotein). Long thumbs for jumping off ground onto animal, genearlly painless bite. |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Microchiroptera Family Vespertilionidae |
|
Definition
| Largest bat family (407spp). Broadly distributed and diverse. Most insectivorous (few eat fish). many roost in caves, trees, buildings, bridges. Range from solitary to large colonies, all local bats in this family. Skull: short rostrum, no post orb. process. Dentition: incisors separated medially, dilambodont dentition ("W" shape) |
|
|
Term
| Order Primates ("the 1st animals") |
|
Definition
| Characteristics: large rounded braincase, shortened rostrum, molars adapted for grinding - bunodont and brachyodont, orbits facing forward, unfused and mobile (highly) - radius and ulna/tibia and fibula. plantigrade and most pentydactyle, many with opposable hallux and pollex, nails rather than claws, one pair of mammary glands, many breed year round, scrotal testes, baculum in most except in tarsiers, humansand cebids (some), usually give birth to just one young (k-selected), ecologically generalists, most arboreal/semi-arboreal. |
|
|
Term
| Order Primate Suborder Strepsirhini |
|
Definition
| mostly in Madagascar, no post. orb plate, long rostrum, wet/naked nose, toothcomb and toilet claw |
|
|
Term
| Order Primate Suborder Halporhini |
|
Definition
| post orb. plate, rel. short rostrum, dry furred nose, no toothcomb or toilet claw. |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Strepsirhini Family Daubentoniidae (1,1) |
|
Definition
| aye-aye Madagascar (rainforest dwellers), long probing middle finger used for insect probing in wood. |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Strepsirhini Family Lorisidae |
|
Definition
| (5,9) lorises, angwantibos, pottos cent. Africa, SE Asia, Sri Lanka, long-legged, insectivores |
|
|
Term
Suborder Strepsirhini
Family Galagidae |
|
Definition
(3,19) bushbabies
Africa, Cat/squirrel-like. Bound from tree to tree in rainforest |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Strepsirhini Family Lemuridae |
|
Definition
| (5,19) tree lemurs Madagascar, Comoros islands. most arboreal but some on ground |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Strepsirhini Family Lepilemuridae |
|
Definition
| (1,8) Sportive lemurs Madagascar, nocturnal, arboreal |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Strepsirhini Family Cheirogalidae |
|
Definition
| (5,21) mouse lemurs Madagascar, smalles, Dwarf lemurs |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Strepsirhini Family Indriidae |
|
Definition
| (3,11) Indrids, Sifakas Madagascar |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Halorhini Family Tarsidae |
|
Definition
| (1,7) Tarsiers Indonesia, Phillipeans. Huge eyes, post orb. plate, rat size. Can rotate heads ~180 degrees |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Haplorhini Family Cebidae |
|
Definition
| (6,56) Marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, callimico. New World monkeys, Cent. and South America. Some with prehensile tails (only ones w/this) |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Haplorhini Family Aotidae (1,8) |
|
Definition
| Night monkeys. Cent. and South America |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Haplorhini Family Atelidae (5,24) |
|
Definition
| howler, spider and wooley monkeys Cent. and S. America, howlers are loudest terrestrial animal (specialized) |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Haplorhini Family Pithecidae (4,40) |
|
Definition
saki, vakaris, bearded sakis. Cent. and S. America Threatened due to human impacts on habitat. |
|
|
Term
Suborder Haplorhini
Family Cercopithecidae (21, 132) |
|
Definition
| old world monkeys. Mandrills, colobines, proboscis. Africa, Asia, Indonesia. Males and females (some) w/large canines. Brightly colored rump/scrotum on some. |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Haplorhini Family Hylobatidae (4,14) |
|
Definition
| gibbons, siamongs. SE Asia, China, Indonesia. Move by brachiation, arms longer than legs. |
|
|
Term
| Suborder Haplorhini Family Hominidae (4,7) |
|
Definition
| Gorillas, chimps, orangs, humans. Equatorial Africa, Sumatra, Borneo (except humans) Largest primates (40-180kg), lack tails. Long developmental periods, pollex/hallux opposable (humans no hallux), Sexual dimorphism, complex social behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erect bipedalism, large vaulted cranium and large brain. skeleton lighter and more graceful than other homonids, less size dimorphism |
|
|
Term
| All Monkeys are ______ All apes are ______ Not all primates are _________ Not all primates are _________ |
|
Definition
primates primates monkeys apes Not all monkeys are primates, all apes are primates, not all primates are monkeys not all primates are apes. |
|
|
Term
| Oddball orders: Cingulata, Pilosa, Pholidata, Tubullidentata |
|
Definition
| Not closely related, share similar specializations for myrmecophagy (converg. evolution) Long snouts, long powerful tongues; reduced absent dentition; strong, heavily clawed forepaws; k-selected traits; gizzard-like pyloric region |
|
|
Term
| Order Cingulata (formerly Xenarthra) Family Dasypodidae |
|
Definition
| (9,21) armadillos, extinct ground sloths. North and South America. Low met. rate and body temp is variable. Extra articular surfaces in lumbar vertebrae (rigid axial skeleton), lack incisors, canines; skeletal modification w/attachment of muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "little armored one" Armor derived from dermal bone, into sections called scuts (banded armadillo) |
|
|
Term
Order Pilosa (Formerly Xenarthra)
Family Bradypodidae |
|
Definition
3-toed sloth (1,4)
Cent. and South America, mostly folivorous, strickly arboreal. Not a lot of movement. Variation in # of vertebrae.
3-toed: (8-9 cerv. vertebrae) |
|
|
Term
Order Pilosa (formerly Xenarthra)
Family Megalonychidae (1,2) |
|
Definition
| 2-toed sloth. 5,6 or 8 vertebrae. Central and South America. Arboreal, just like 3-toed. |
|
|
Term
Order Pilosa
Family Cyclopedidae (1,1) |
|
Definition
Silky Anteater
Central and South America |
|
|
Term
Order Pilosa
Family Myrmecophagidae |
|
Definition
Anteaters (2,3) Central and South America.
giant anteater strictly terrestrial; others are semi or fully arboreal. Long tapered skulls, long tongues, anchored to sternum. Up to 600mm tongue, small mouth |
|
|
Term
Order Pholidota
Family Manidae |
|
Definition
"scaly ones" Pangolins(1,8)
Africa, Asia. when threatened, curl up in ball with sharp scales. Anal glands produce foul-smelling liquid. Edentate - no teeth,sticky saliva. tongue longer than head and body length put together (anchored to pelvis) Sharp claws for digging to find termites, close nostrils and ears for digging. |
|
|
Term
Order Tubulidentata
Family Orycteropodidae |
|
Definition
Aardvark (1,1) "tubule-toothed"
Unusual dentition - incisors and canines only present in fetal stage.
Stomach does additional grinding beyond chewing. negatively impacted by deforestation, habitat loss and hunting. Panglins used for food, scales for decoration and good luck charms, medicinal value. Aardvark teeth though of good luck. |
|
|
