Term
|
Definition
| 248 MYA. Pangea existed. Very different air and water currents, similar climate over globe. Conifers, Cycads, and precursors to dinosaurs survive initial extinctions. First mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 213 MYA. Dinosaurs abundant. Lots of ferns and other greens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 250 MYA. Preiods: Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous. Directly follows a mass extinction. First mammals, dinosaurs abundant. Extinction due to large meteor at end of Cretaceous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 144 MYA. Most of the spectacular dinosuars are from this period, first flowering plants. Dramatic climate change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 54 MYA. Modern orders of mammals. Modern ungulates become prevalent. Artiodactyles and Perissocactyles appear on a smaller size scale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 37 MYA. Appearance of grasslands. First elephants, early horses radiate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 24 MYA. Long legged animals reign due to spread of grasslands. First polar ice caps. Climate becomes dramatic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 MYA. Global cooling. NA and SA join. Major animal shift. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two early synapsid groups. More primitive of the two. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mammal toothed therapsids. Evolved into what we'd consider a mammal. Same ecological roles as our weasels and wolves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gorgonopsia, Therocephalia, and Cynodontia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder of Theriodons. Dog toothed Therapsids were not true mammals. Limbs under body. Secondary boney palate improved sinuses and smell. Complex cusp patterns on teeth. Possibly covered in hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Cynodontia. Perhaps last true Cynodont. Prob nocturnal. |
|
|
Term
| Mammals monophyletic or polyphyletic? |
|
Definition
| We assume monophyletic divergent from a common ancestral line of amniotes. Therapsida becomes Prototherians (Monotremes) and Therians (Metatherians and Eutherians). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Successful lineage of early Prototherians from late Triassic to late Cretaceous period. Included family Morganucodontidae. Three bumps on cheek teeth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triconodonta (predecessor), Diconodonta, and Multibuerculata (only branch to become extinct). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early Therian order that likely gave rise to current mammals |
|
|
Term
| Order of Epochs from oldest to more recent. |
|
Definition
| Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Uniquely mammalian jaw. Reflects reduction and migrations of quadrate and articular bones into the Incus and Malleus of the inner ear bones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made entirely of osseous tissues which consist of osteocytes and matrix. Blood vessels and nerves penetrate throughout. Covered with periosteum. Functions: protection, movement, storage of blood and fat cells, immunity (produce WBC), posture/form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentric lamellae with cartilage at right angles for increased strength. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covers bone surface and serves as attachment point for tendons and ligaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joints. Three types are synarthritic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic. |
|
|
Term
| Synarthrotic Articulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amphiarthrotic Articulation |
|
Definition
| Slight movement (radio-ulnar joint) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endochondral and intermembraneous ossification |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| Long bones. Cartilage model replaced with osseous tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Intermembraneous ossification |
|
Definition
| Flat bones. Mold is formed between membranes and later filled with osseus tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Skeleton is separated in mammals by... |
|
Definition
| Cranial and post cranial elements |
|
|
Term
| Post Cranial Skeleton Elements |
|
Definition
| 7 cervical vertebrae (except sloths and sirenians), thoracic vertebrae with ribs articulate, Sternum, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae. |
|
|
Term
| Special bones of Post Cranial Skeleton |
|
Definition
| Baculum and baubellum (os penis and os cliterous) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scapula + clavicle. Front legs: humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phelanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsal ilia, posterior ischia, and anterio-ventral pubic bones. Two sides, totals 6 bones. Hind limbs - femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals. |
|
|
Term
| Special bones in the Pelvic Girdle |
|
Definition
| Epipubic bone present in pouched marsupials for support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest of the tarsal bones. Forms the 'heel' and serves as an attachement point for the achilles tendon. Adjacent to the large astragalus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Claws curl around toes. Nails are flattened and better for manipulation, only on dorsal surface. Hooves enclose the end of a digit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stance has entire foot being placed on the ground, including podials and metapodials. Humans, bears. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use most of their digits but not soles of feet. Cats, dogs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Walk on tiptoes, commonly hooves. Horses antelopes, deer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Have a longer stride.
2) Have a faster stride. |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal modifications for a longer stride |
|
Definition
| Lengthen limbs, run on tiptoes, shift scapula to be part of limb motion, flex the spine, have fewer limbs on ground at once, keep muscle insertions closer to joint. |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal modifications for faster stride |
|
Definition
| increase area for muscle attachment near the joint, add muscle insertions, reduce weight of limb, keep muscle mass on upper limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aquatic, volant, glissorial, cursorial, scansorial, arborial, saltorial, fossorial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| houses brain, houses special senses, feeding, communication, defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thermoregulations, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, synthesis of Vitamin D, excretion |
|
|
Term
| How does skin aide in: Perspiration and its evaporation |
|
Definition
| lowers body temperature. flow of blood in the dermis is adjusted. |
|
|
Term
| How does skin aide in: exercises |
|
Definition
| Moderate - blood is brought to surface helps lower temperature. Extreme - blood is shunted to muscles and temperature rises. |
|
|
Term
| How does skin aide in: Shivering |
|
Definition
| surface vessels constricted and internal body temperature is raised as needed. |
|
|
Term
| How does skin aide as a: blood reservoir |
|
Definition
| contains an extensive network of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| How does skin aide in:protection |
|
Definition
| creates physical, chemical and biological barriers. tight cell junction prevents bacteria invasion, lipids release retard evaporation. pigments protect against UV lights. Langerhans cells alert immune system |
|
|
Term
| How does skin aide in:cutaneous sensation |
|
Definition
| touch, pressure, vibrations, tickle, heat, cold, and pain |
|
|
Term
| How does skin aide in:synthesis of vitamin D |
|
Definition
| UV light activates a precursor molecule in the skin which is modified by enzymes in the liver and kidney to produce calcitriol (most active form of VitD which is necessary for absorption of calcium from food in GI tract) |
|
|
Term
| How does skin aide in:excretion |
|
Definition
| 400 mL of water per day, small amounts of salt, CO2, ammonia and urea. |
|
|
Term
| General Anatomy of the Skin |
|
Definition
| 10 lbs, 2 layers (all 4 conn tissues), 22 sq feet, 1-2 mm thick in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epidermis - superficial epithelial layer
Dermis - deeper connective layer
Subcutaneous - not part of skin, but consists of areolar and adipose tissue. fat storage, blood vessel passage, and an area for pressure sensing nerve endings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces the protein Keratin (which protects the skin from heat, microbes, chemicals) and lamellar granules (which release a waterproof seal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce the pigment Melanin which contributes to the skin's color and absorbs damaging UV lights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from bone marrow, participate in immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for light touch. contacts tactile (Merkel) disks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connective tissue layer composed of collagen & elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, and fat cells. Contains hair follicles, glands, nerve & blood vessels, |
|
|
Term
| Two major regions of the Dermis |
|
Definition
1) Papillary - bumps on skin, fingerprintS
2) Reticular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Melanin produced in epidermis by melanocytes that convert tyrosine to melanin. Everyone has same number of melanocytes, but differing amounts of pigment are produced. UV increases production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inherited lack of tyrosinase; no pigment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin. produces white patches. |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for such skin color variability |
|
Definition
| 3 types of pigments: malanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| Accessory Structures of the Skin |
|
Definition
| hair, oil glands, sweat glands, nail/claw/hooves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| present on most skin surfaces (except palms, palmer surfaces of the digits, soles, and plantar surfaces of the digits). New hairs develop from cell division of the matrix in the bulb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shaft (above skin), root that penetrates to subcutaneous layer, cuticle, hair follicle. |
|
|
Term
| Layers of a Hair (from inside) |
|
Definition
| Medula, Cortex, Cuticle, In/External Rooth Sheath, Dermal root sheath. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Base of follicle, contains blood vessels and geminal cell layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arrector Pili - smooth muscle in dermis that contracts in cold or fear. forms goosebumps
Hair root plexus - detects hair movement
Sebaceous glands - oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Influenced by amount and type of pigment.
Graying reflects a progressive decline in melanin. Dark hair - true melanin
Blonde/red - iron and sulfer added
White - air bubbles in shaft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent heat loss, decrease sunburn, protect eyes, touch receptors (hair root plexus), communication, defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized exocrine glands in dermis, sebaceous glands, sudiferous glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sweat. Eccrine and Apocrine sweat glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wax. Modified sweat glands that produce cerumen. Found in external auditory meatus. Barrier for entrance of foreign bodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extensive distribution.
Secretory portion is in dermis with duct on surface. Regulates temp and excretes urea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limited to axilla, pubis, and areola. Ducts open into hair follicles. Secretions are more viscous. Aide in communication in many species. |
|
|
Term
| Monotreme Reproductive System |
|
Definition
| Common urogenital opening into a cloaca. Two uteri are present. Platypus has only one functional side as in birds. Male penises adapted for delivering sperm to two uteri. |
|
|
Term
| Metatherian Reproductive System |
|
Definition
| Found in Marsupials. Also have Two uteri. Lateral vaginal canals, vaginal sinus, urogenital sinus but no cloaca. Two cervix. Chorioviteline placenta. |
|
|
Term
| Eutrherian Reproductive System |
|
Definition
No urogenital sinus, most have single uterus. Chorioallantoic placenta.
4 Types: Duplex, Bipartite, Bicornuate, and Simplex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eutherian Reproductive system with two uteri and two cervices. Found in rodents, rabbits, hares, hyraxes, and aardvarks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eutrherian reproductive system with two long horns to a single uterus, joining near a SINGLE cervix. Found in carnivores and whales. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Euth Rep Sys with two short horns leading to a single uterus after joining near a single cervix. Found in insectivores, most bats, primitive primates, proboscidea, dugongidae, others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ERS type with no horns, a single cervix, and a single uterus. Found in some bats, higher primates, and others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complex set of embryonic and maternal tissues.
1. anchors fetus
2. transports nutriends
3. extretes metabolites
4. produces hormones
5. Suppresses maternal immunity which allows allografting! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in Marsupials. Chorion makes up placenta on fetus, closely allies with large yolk sac. Very lightly embedded in uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in Placental mammals. Chorion AND allentoic mesoderm involved in placenta. May be deeply embedded by chorionic villi into uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time of implantation until birth. Altricial vs precocial depends on length of gestation. Special form occurs in marsupials and echidnas which have marsupiums resulting in extremely altricial young. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Delayed fertilization
Delayed development
Delayed implantation
Embryonic diapause - external stimulus cuases embryonic arrested development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common in animals in seasonal environments. Bats (Order Chiroptera) in the families Vespertilionidae and Rhinoophidae exhibit this delay. Sperm acquired in September or October but egg is not ovulated until the spring.
Lasionycteris noctivagans.
Myotis lucifugus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blastocyte implants then develops very slowly. In other bat species, both micro- and megachiropterans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blastocytes forms then development halts. Can occur Obligatorily (armadillos) or faculatively (rodents, insectivores, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some stimulus causes development of an embryo to be arrested. (kangaroos) |
|
|
Term
| Scaling - What limits size? |
|
Definition
Support
Food
Thermoregulation
Movement
Oxygen demand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural and functional consequences of changes in size or scale among otherwise similar organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two things change at different rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BATS!! Characteristics: Only mammals with true flight. Ecolocation in most species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wing membrane on bats. double layer of skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In bats, section of plagiopatagium (wing membrane) on forearm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| butt flap on bat wing. use muscles in the legs to change its shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In bat wing, used to stiffen uropatagium |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Scaling problems |
|
Definition
| To support weight bones must increase 8 fold in strength but can only increase 4 fold. Expected exponent is 1.33 but actual exponent for terrestrial mammals is 1.08 and 1.02 for marine mammals due to buoyancy. . This is probably due to unrealized stresses such as acceleration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wing (plagiopatagium, propatagium, uropatagium), eyes usually reduced, nose ornamentation, ear modification |
|
|
Term
| Nose ornimentation in bats |
|
Definition
| usually in form of nose leaf. used to focus and detect sound waves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be rotated in bats with large ears. tragus best developed on large eared bats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| log of metabolism increases slower than log mass but greater than surface area. Consistent among mammals, larger animals have relatively slower metabolisms but are more efficient with them. Heat gain harder for smaller organisms. Heat loss harder for larger animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Known from all continents (aside from Antartica and South America). Probably monophyletic. By early Eocene, bats were everywhere and well developed by then. Icaronycteris found in Green River Basin of West N.A. 9 genera in fossil record of many different continents. |
|
|
Term
| Proportional things - vascular |
|
Definition
| Heart size and blood volume are proportional with mass. Blood cell size, viscosity, and hematocrit are constant and not scaled. |
|
|
Term
| Cost of expending energy... |
|
Definition
| decreases proportionally with size. Larger need less amount of oxygen to run. |
|
|
Term
| Traditional Subordinal Groups of Bats |
|
Definition
| Macrochiroptera (mega bats/fruit bats) and Microchiroptera (microbats) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Microchiroptera |
|
Definition
| ecolocation, tragus, fancy nose, no claws on digit two, cervical vertebrae modified to allow dorsoflexion of head, some have tail and uropatagium, usually small body/eyes, postorbital process absent, short palete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the distribution of organisms, past and present, and the factors that affect those distributions. Historical Ecological and Cultural. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Megachiroptera |
|
Definition
| no ecolocation (fruit eaters), no tragus, no fancy nose,claw on digit two in most, no dorsoflexion of head, usually no tail, large body/eyes, well developed postorbital process, palate extendes beyond last upper molar |
|
|
Term
| Molecular Infraorders of Chiroptera |
|
Definition
| Yinpterochiroptera (Megabats and five microbat families) and Yangochiroptera (other microbats) |
|
|
Term
| Cenozoic events defining Mammalian Evolution |
|
Definition
NA and SA join via the Panamanian land bridge (Pleistocene)
Europe bumps into Asia
Africa bumps into Asia
India bumps into Asia creates Himalayas
Australia and Madagascar remain separate
Climate cools and dries, creating grasslands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs with continental separation, eruption of mountains in subduction zones, and fluctuation of sea level. All may cause allopatric speciation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure under bottom of wing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| curve of wing, front to back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio of wing length/width (low- slow flyer, high- fast flyer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patterns of endemism due to Cenozoic continental separation.
Nearctic
Palearctic
Neotropical
Ethiopian
Oriental
Australian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body mass to wing surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ecological areas of similarity based on similar rainfall/temperature. Result of climate change. Tropical rain forest and Tropical savannas are important biomes for mammals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. more manuverable than birds, but slower
2. wing area proximal to digit five provides lift, area distal provides thrust
3. more flexible than bird wing
4. Uropatagium stabalizes flight |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for TRF Diversity |
|
Definition
1) Energy hypothesis - more direct sunlight on that region which results in
2) High productivity.
3) Less climatic fluctuation and more rain evolutionarily add to biodiversity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Send out sound pulses, evaluate the sound that bounces back from the target for distance, size, speed, and direction.
2. Use high frequency b/c for short distances that has better resolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Altitudinal bands of biological similarity within a biome. Merriams and Holdrige's schemes are often used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forced by evolutionary pressures which effect the ability to survive or reproduce.
Environmental change, competition, predation, niche shift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| safe place fore an entire species over evolutionary time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| safe place for individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Insectivores
2. Vertebrate prey: fish, amphibians, small mammals, birds, reptiles
3. Sanguivores (blood)
4. Nectivores (pollination)
5. Frugivores (seed dispersal)
6. Folivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical mechanism of movement; long term permanent movement from where you once lived; individual level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rafting, hitchhiking, intentional relocation |
|
|
Term
| Economic Importance of Bats |
|
Definition
1. Rabis
2. Guano production (fertilizer)
3. Livestock loss due to disease in neotropics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend range by normal movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement of an entire species
seasonal or permanent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1.8 MYA. Modern humans appear. Giant mammals and birds. Native horses and camels roam. Glacial cycles begin. |
|
|
Term
| Genus Rousettus (classification) |
|
Definition
| Family Pteropodidae. Only Genus in inferorder Yinpterchiroptera. |
|
|
Term
| Seasonal Migration examples |
|
Definition
| caribu, bats, bison, polar bears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species move through corridor route, filter route, or sweepstakes route. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minimal resistance between areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows only certain species to pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on chance events (generally passive) |
|
|
Term
| Genus Rousettus (characteristics) |
|
Definition
1. Ecolocates, but uses tounge clicks
2. Largest bats (wingspan up to 2 m)
3. "flying foxes"
4. mostly fruit eaters
5. well developed eyes (some diurnal)
6. Old world tropics, subtropics
7. Long rosturm |
|
|
Term
| Genus Rousettus (characteristics) |
|
Definition
1. Ecolocates, but uses tounge clicks
2. Largest bats (wingspan up to 2 m)
3. "flying foxes"
4. mostly fruit eaters
5. well developed eyes (some diurnal)
6. Old world tropics, subtropics
7. Long rosturm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how organisms colonize and move among islands. Based on MacArthur and May |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disappearing is a way of changing distribution. Mass extinctions lead to adaptive radiation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follow mass extinctions. associated with evolutionary opportunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms showing convergance |
|
|
Term
| Great American Interchange |
|
Definition
| filter route between NA and SA via Panamanian land bridge which opened approx 3.5 MYA during the Pliocene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Molossidae, Tadarida brasiliensis |
|
|
Term
| Animals from NA stopped by filter |
|
Definition
| shrews, pocket mice, pocket gophers, beavers, pronghorn antelope, bison |
|
|
Term
| Rafinesque’s big-eared bat |
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Corynorhinus rafinesquii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonhuman primates, octodonts, spiny rats, nutras, agouits, capybaras, cavies, sloths, anteaters, shrew opposums. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rabbits, mice, foxes, bears, raccoons, weasels, horses, tapirs, peccaries, camels, deer, cats, mastodons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Eptesicus fuscus |
|
|
Term
| Animals from SA allowed to NA |
|
Definition
| Porcupines, glyptodonts, armadillos, ground sloths, opossums. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Lasionycteris noctivagans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Lasiurus borealis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Lasiurus cinereus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Lasiurus cinereus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Lasiurus seminolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Myotis grisescens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Myotis austroriparius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Myotis lucifugus |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| Another filter route due to cold. Humans used this to pass into NA. Minor refugia - nunataks, coastal ice-free zones. Contains giant fossil record. Tundra habitat couldn't support the diversity of wildlife. Served as arctic steppe meaning grass eaters were present but in low numbers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Myotis leibii |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Myotis septentrionalis |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Myotis sodalis |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Nycticeius humeralis |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Chiroptera, Infraorder Yangochiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae, Pipistrellus subflavus |
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Term
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Definition
| Placental mammals. Date back to Cretaceous. Eomaia, earliest known mammal, from 127 MYA in china. Well developed, so that puts placental origins well before this time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subclass Prototheria. Lay eggs, have a cloaca, shoulder girdle and limb arrangement is reptilian in structure. |
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Term
| Unique Eutherian Characteristics |
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Definition
1. most differences in soft tissue, so fossilization isn't good.
2. Reproductive tracts
3. Reproductive endocrinology
4. Cranial differences (greater spiraling in chochlear duct, consolidated forameina for nerves, reduction/specilization of teeth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tachyglossidae and Ornithorhynchidae |
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Term
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Definition
1. small
2. omnivorous/insectivorous
3. nocturnal
4. arboreal/semi-arboreal
5. generalized |
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Term
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Definition
| Monotreme family. Spiny Anteaters. Only 2 genera in the family. Spiny anteaters develop a pouch (not homologous) with nipple like lobules inside. Young develop in pouch until they start to get spiny. Only one young per year. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Afrosoricida
2.Erinaceomorpha
3.Soricomorpha |
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Term
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Definition
| Duck-billed platypus. Semiaquatic mammals found in Australia. Males have venom glands and spnes on rear ankles. Muskrat like in habits and habitats. An arrary of electroreceptors can detect the electrical field of heartbeats of insects in the mud. Considered rare and possibly extinct in the wild. |
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Term
| Why Insectivora were grouped before molecular studies: |
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Definition
1. similar dentition (primitive eutherian tooth formula, dilamdodont or zalamdodont cusp pattern on molars)
2. small to medium sized
3. reduced eyes and ears
4. small braincases with smooth cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| Classification of Marsupials |
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Definition
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Metatheria |
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Term
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Definition
| More closely related to eutherians than to prototherians. Recently separated into different orders |
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Term
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Definition
| Superorder of things that evolved in Africa while it was separated from the rest of the world. They are most closly related to each other than things that evolved other places. |
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Term
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Definition
| Didelphimorphia, Pauchituberculata, Microbiotheria, Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia, Notoryctemorphia, Diprotodontia |
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Term
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Definition
1. Proboscidae
2. Macroscelidae
3. Tubulidentata
4. Afrosoricida
5. Hydracoidea
6. Sirenia |
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Term
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Definition
Opossums. 60+ species all found in the New World.
Tooth formula includes 5 incisors on each side on top and 4 incisors on each side on bottom. Primitive tooth formula. Hallux partially opposable. Prehensile tail. Paired sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Formerly lumped with insectivores, but these are shrew like mammals of African origin. Tenrecidae (tenrecs and otter shrews) and Chrysochloridae (golden moles) |
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Term
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Definition
| Shrew Opossums. 5 species all in Western SA. Have paired sperm, a shared evol trait with Didelphids. Projecting lower jaw spear to stab prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monito del monte. Only one species in the Andes mountains. |
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Term
| Erinaceomorpha and Soricomorpha |
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Definition
| Used to be grouped with insectivores, but not included in Afrotheria. |
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Term
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Definition
| 62 known extant species located in Australia. Mostly carnivorous and insectivorous. Includes Tasmanian tiger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bandicoots and bilbies. 21 Australian species. Saltatorial insectivores that will also eat plants and small animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marsupial moles. 2 Australian species. Only completely fossorial marsupials. Ecomorphs with eutherian moles. Marsupium backwards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hedgehogs and gymnures (Erinacidae). Africa gave hedgehogs to Europe and Asia |
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Term
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Definition
| Wombats, koala, kangaroo, wallaby, glider, possum. 117 species. Syndactylous (digits 2&3 fused on hind feed except claws) Diprotodont (single pair of dominant incisors in lower jaw) |
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Term
| Families of Diprotodontia |
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Definition
| Phascolarctidae, Macropodidae, Acrobatidae, Vonbatidae |
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Term
| Order Soricomorpha (Families) |
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Definition
| Family Solenodontidae, Family Soricidae, and Family Talpidae |
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Term
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Definition
| Within Order Diprotodontia. Koalas - limited to eucalyptus forests of Australia |
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Term
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Definition
| Within Order Diprotodontia. Family of largest marsupials. Wallabies and kangaroos are notable species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within Order Diprotodontidae. Gliders. Only marsupials with a pataguim (sheet of skin spread between bones for flying or gliding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within Order Diprotodotidae. Wombats. Three species. Burrowers, large, found in OZ. Marsupium open posteriorly. |
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Term
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Definition
1. venomous mammals
2. 4 species, all Carribean (2 extinct)
3. Both extant species are endangered due to habitat distruction and introduced cats and mongooses.
3. Forest dwellers |
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Term
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Definition
Shrews
1. venemous mammals
2. broad groups- red toothed and white toothed
3. found in new world and old world (most in N. hemisphere)
4. No zygomatic arch or auditory bulle
5. Dilamdodont Dentition (W-shaped cusps) |
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Term
| Unique skeletal and anatomical differences to Metatherians |
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Definition
Braincase small relative to body size; minimal development of neocortex; no corpus callosum.
Auditory bullae usually absent, if present, formed primarily from alisphenoid bone.
Large vacuities often present in posterior part of palate.
Jual bone large, jugal and squamosal bones articulate with dentary bone in mandibular fossa.
Angular process of dentary inflected 90˚ except in koala and honey possum.
Primitive dental formula. Last premolar is only deciduous tooth.
Epipubic bones occur in both sexes.
Female reproductive tract bifurcated as is tip of penis.
Marsupium often present enclosing teats;opens either anteriorly or posteriorly.
Scrotum anterior to penis except in mole Notorycytes.; baculum never present. |
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Term
| Unique Skeletal and Anatomical features of Eutherians. |
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Definition
Braincase relatively large; greater complexity of neocortex; corpus callosum present.
Auditory bullae present, formed from tympanic bone.
Palatal vacuities absent or small.
Angular process of dentary not inflected.
Primitive dental formulat = 44. Incisors, canines, and premolars are deciduous.
Epipubic bones do not occur.
Reproductive tract and glans penis not bifurcated.
No marsupium.
Scrotum posterior to penis; baculum sometimes present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earliest from early Cretaceous |
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Term
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Definition
| moles, shrew-like moles, desmans. Includes terrestrial and semi-aquatic forms, found in new world and old world (mostly N. Hemisphere), Zygomatic arch and auditory bullae intact, teeth not incombent |
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Term
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Definition
Order Soricomorpha
Family Soricidae
Sorex fumeus. rare, eastern half of state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Soricomorpha. Family Soricidae. Sorex longirostris. Western half of state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Soricomorpha. Family Soricidae. Sorex cinereus. Only around Black Mt. |
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Term
| Northern Short Tailed Shrew |
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Definition
Order Soricomorpha
Family Soricidae
Blarina brevicauda. |
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Term
| Southern Short Tailed Shrew |
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Definition
| Blarina carolinensis. western 1/5 of state. dark grey |
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Term
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Definition
| Cryptotis parva. statewide. short tail distinguishes it from Sorex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Soricomorpha. Family Talpidae. Parascalops breweri. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Soricomorpha. Family Talpidae. Scalopus aquaticus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Soricomorpha. Family Talpidae. Candylura crystata |
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Term
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Definition
| Superorder Afrotheria. Elephant Shrews and sengis. One family Macroscelididae. Daily torpor with low overall metabolism. Generally monogomous. partially saltatorial. have auditory bullae and zygomatic arch. extended rostrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tree Shrews. most representative of premitive eutherians. southern asian in distribution. arboreal, primaraly insectiverous |
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Term
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Definition
| flying lemurs. glissant movement. once considered a primate, now just a sister group. herbivores/fungivores. Asian pacific islands. patagium best developed of any glissiant mammal (10% gliding ratio). Threatened by habitat loss. |
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