Term
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Definition
| Two suborders - Cingulata (armadillos) and Pilosa (sloths and anteaters) Sister group is Order Pholidota (pangolins) but they are sometimes placed as a sister group to Carnivores! What a mess! All modern species are found in the Western Hermisphere, except 3 in the W. Indies. 4 families. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Family within Suborder Cingulata |
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Definition
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Term
| Families within Suborder Pilosa |
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Definition
| Bradypodidae (3 toed sloths), Magalonychidae (2-toed and ground sloths), Myrmecophagidae (anteaters) |
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Term
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Definition
| Up to 100 peglike teeth in giant armadillo. Simple streamlined skulls. Armored carapaces. Dasypus novemcinctus - 9 banded armadillo. |
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Term
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Definition
| ossified dermal products with keratinized scales |
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Term
| Species of Family Dasypodidae that may be found in KY |
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Definition
| Dasypus novemcinctus - 9 banded armadillo |
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Term
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Definition
| C and N SA. 5 kg adults. Front feet have 3 large claws. Eat leaves, twigs, buds. Well-developed, sharp teeth. special hair that chemically, structurally promotes algal growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two-toed tree sloths, W Indian Sloths. Includes extinct ground sloths (70 kg) Found in C and SA. Both families have special hair that chemically, structurally promotes algal growth. Up to 8 kg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anteaters. Walk on sides of hands (lesser) or knuckles (greater) S Mexico to central SA. No teeth. Specialists on ants and termites. Less anteaters are arboreal to some extent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pangolins, One family, on genus. All are Asian or subsaharan african. 7 species. Fossorial to arboreal. Eat mostly ants and termites. Imbricate scales of keratinized epidermis, not bone like armadillos. Scales grow with animal. Hunted for meat and skins, simplest mammal skull. convergent with anteaters. |
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Term
| Family in Order Pholidota |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Represented by two extinct families (Hyaenodontidae and Oxyaenidae) likely dating to Paleocene. The relationship between Creodonta and the rest of carnivore-like eutherians is unclear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolved with creodonts, this clade contains order Carnivora as well as the family Viverravidae and Miacidae. P4/M1 carnassial pair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dating back to the Paleocene, Carnivora divided into two suborders early. Feliformia and Caniformia. Most carnivores have bacula, anal scent glands, well-developed claws, P4/M1 carnassial pair, wrist bones fuse into scapholunar. |
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Term
| Suborders of Order Carnivora |
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Definition
| Feliformia and Caniformia |
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Term
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Definition
| Family Felidae, Hyaenidae, Herpestidae, Viverridae, and Nandiniidae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Worldwide, except Australia, most islands, and polar regions. Shortened rostra, well-developed carnassials. Often suffocate or dislocate spine of prey using well developed canines. Mainly feed on mammals and bids, a few on fish. Most are stalkers and ambush prey, others pursuit predators. Many are endangered due to habitat destruction, fear, or trade. Retractile claws except cheetah. 3 subfamilies. |
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Term
| Subfamilies of Family Felidae |
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Definition
| SF Acinonychinae, Felinae, and Pantherinae |
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Term
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Definition
| Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is the only species in this SF. Cheetahs are genetically depauperate, dating to a bottleneck some 10K years ago. Two color forms, regular and king. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes: Felis sylvestris, Lynx rufus, Lynx canadensis, and Puma concolor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes Panthera leo, P. onca, P. pardus, and P. tigris. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 hyaena species and the aardwolf. Old World, Middle East, India, Africa. Massive skulls, musculatrure and teeth enable them to bring down large prey. Often scavenge. The aardwolf specializes on ants and termites. Female hyaenas are larger than males and have fibrous tissue that resembles testicles and an erectile pseudopenis. External genitalia make them nearly indistuishable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mongooses live in Africa, Middle East, and Asia. Often made into pets. Have been imported to caribbean with disastrous results. Complex social structures. Generalist feeders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Civets and genets. Once lumped with Family Herpestidae. Fill a variety of trophic niches. Glandular secretions used in perfumes. |
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Term
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Definition
| New as of 2005, once concidered part of Viverridae. Contains only the African Palm Civet. Familial independence confirmed by molecular evidence. |
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Term
| Families within Suborder Caniformia |
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Definition
| Procyonidae, Ursidae, Canidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae, |
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Term
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Definition
| Raccoons, coatis, etc. In US, C and SA. Generalists. Plantigrade rather than digitigrade. Many are at least partially arboreal. |
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Term
| Procyonidae Species in the US |
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Definition
| Bassariscus astutus (ringtail), Nasua narica (coatis), and Procyon lotor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bears and pandas. Wolrdwide. Some generalists, others specialized. |
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Term
| Species of Family Ursidae |
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Definition
| Ursus americanus, U. arctos, U. maritimus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dogs. Worldwide except some islands, Antarctica. Wolves, coyotes, foxes, dingoes, dholes, dogs. Social structure complest in many species - pack family groups. Most are good carnivores though some are generalists. Range from 1 kg to 80 kg. Earliest is Hesperocyon. |
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Term
| Species within Family Canidae |
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Definition
Canis lupus/C. familiaris - grey wolf progenitor of modern dogs.
Canis latrans - coyote
Canis rufus -red wolf, largely extripated, unlikely success due to interbreeding with coyotes.
Vulpes vulpes (red fox) - US and Europe, 2 subspecies may have hybridized after hunt releases. Urocyon cinereoargenteus- gray fox, good tree climber |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly holarctic, but also found in SA, Africa. Sexual dimorphism in most species. Well-developed anal scent glands. |
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Term
| Species of Family Mustelidae |
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Definition
| Martes pennanti (fisher), Mustella nivalis (least weasel-Eastern KY, smallest NA carnivore), Nustela frenata (longtailed weasel, largest US weasel, seasonal color patterns), Mustela nigripes (black-footed ferret, endangered, specialist on prairie dogs), Lutra canadensis (river otter, ky's largest mustelid), Taxidea taxus (badger, not on this side of the mississippi), Gulo gulo (wolverine, largest mustelid, very fierce) |
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Term
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Definition
| Skunks and stink badgers. Frecently split form Mephitids. Skunk are all new world, 2 species of skink badgers are Asian island inhabitants. In US commom species implicated in rabies transmission. |
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Term
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Definition
Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk)
Spilogale putorius (spotted skunk) |
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Term
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Definition
| First suborder within Carnivora, later walruses and eared seals lumped in clade with Ursids while earless seals were closer to Mustelids. Now Pinnipeda is considered a clade again with eared seals and walruses a clade within the Pinnipedia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Walrus, Only one species Odobenus rosmarus. Circumpolar distribution. Bulls can reach 1600 kg. Males and females ahve enlarged upper canines used for fighting, foraging, and hanging onto ice. Highly social. Stable populations modest harvesting by indigenous people. Hides, meat, oil, and tusks are used for a variety or purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eared seals, including sea lions and fur seals. Temperate and subpolar coasts. Meat and hides used by indigenous peoples. |
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Term
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Definition
| True seals. Some are in tropica waters, one is endemic to Lake Baikal. Largest of all carnivores is the elephant seal at 3700 kg. Not as social as other pinnipeds, less adapted for life on land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blubbe,r recessed genitalia, nipples, blood shunts, brachycardia, high levels of hemoglobin and myoglobin, streamlining, modified limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought to be descendants of archaeocetes. Concidered to be some of the most derived mammals. Evolved from terrestrial animals to an entirely aquatic life form. Inhabit all oceans as well as some freshwater lakes and rivers in SA, NA, and Asia. Close to Artiodactyles (hippos) possible Order Cetartiodactyla. Thought to be the most intelligent non-primates and many have proportionally large brains. Helpful for moving in 3D and use of sonar. Very efficient lungs and circulatory systems for diving. Use 12 of the oxygen compared to 4% by terr. mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| fusiform body, short neck, laterally compressed tail w/ horiz flukes, paddle-like front limbs, no mobile joints in front limbs except shoulder, no external digits, claws hind limbs ears, closed auditory meatus, nearly hairless skin, no sebaceous glands, thick blubber layer, nares located top of skull, elongated rostrum, no clavicle, pelvic girdle vestigial and not attached to spinal column, sacral vert separate, lungs and liver not lobed, oblique diaphram, stomach with 3+ chambers, kidneys consist of mult separate lobes, perm abdominal testes, retractile, fibroelastic penis, bepartate uterus, epitheliochorial placenta, one extrudable pari of flat elongated mammae lying in slits flanking uriogenital opening. |
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Term
| Laminar vs turbulent flow |
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Definition
| increased streamlined body form allows more laminar flow so that they can move through the water with much less effort needed |
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Term
| Economic Importance of Cetaceans |
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Definition
| Neg effect on commercial fisheries due to competition and net entanglement. Hunted for centuries for meat, blubber, and oil. Now most important to tourism industries. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Families within Suborder Mysticeti |
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Definition
| Baleen whales F Balaenidae and Balaenopteridae |
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Term
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Definition
| SO Mysticeti Bowhead whales and right whales |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Families of Suborder Odontoceti |
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Definition
| toothed whales. F: Delphiinidae, Iniidae, Monodontidae, Physeteridae |
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Term
| Family Delphiinidae + Species w/in |
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Definition
SO Odontoceti. Dolphins, killer whales, etc
Tursiops truncatus - bottlenose dolphin |
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Term
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Definition
| SO Odontoceti - very pronounced melons |
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Term
| Family Monodontidae + Species w/in |
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Definition
SO Odontoceti.
Delphinapterus leucas -Beluga
Monodon monoceros - narwhal! |
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Term
| Family Physeteridae species |
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Definition
| SO Odontoceti - Physter catodon - sperm whale. concentrated sound can be used to stun prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| field that is very competitive, evolutionary theories often based on tenuous evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| aspect of primatology that deals with humans |
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Term
| Evolutionary trends in primates |
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Definition
1. digital dexterity, nails, pads, thumb opposable
2. relatively large cerebral cortex, exchange of optical for olfactory centers
3. shortened muzzle, eyes forward for stereo vision
4. slow reproductive rate, long life span
5. omnivory/herbivory
6. complex mating and social systems
7. other complex behaviors such as tool use, learning |
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Term
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Definition
| One of earliest modern orders to appear. Cretaceous origins, probaly developed form insectivorous mammals. Many characterisitics are associated with arboreal life, which has driven the mean theories of primate evolution. Known from all continents except Antarctica/Australia which helps us date origins. |
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Term
| Suborders of Primates: Now and Then |
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Definition
Now: Strepsirhini and Haplorhini
Then: Prosimii and Anthropoidea |
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Term
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Definition
| All families old world, primarily Africa and Madagascar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asian, African, American. Now worldwide |
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Term
| Primate Suborders Major Differences:Strepsirhines |
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Definition
| Rhinarium (wet nose) with medial cleft, bicornate uterus, relatively noninvasive placenta, postorbital bar, tooth combs, crescentic nostrils |
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Term
| Primate Suborders Major Differences:Haplorhini |
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Definition
| no rhinarium, simplex uterus, relatively invasive placenta, postorbital plate, spatulate incisors, oval nostrils |
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Term
| Families of SO Strepsirhini |
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Definition
| Daubentoniidae, Lorisidae, Galagidae, Lemuridae, Lepilemuridae, Cheirogalidae, Indridae |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Primates, SO Strepsirhini. Only one recognized species and a handful of subspecies. Aye-Ayes. Most unlike any other primate. Restricted to Madagascar. Native consider it evil and kill it. This, along with habitat destruction, makes it very much endangered. |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates, SO Strepsirhini. Lorises and pottos. SubSaharan African and Asian. Nocturnal, arborea. Second digit of feet and hands shortened, in pottos has a claw. |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates, SO Strepsirhini. All are African. Arborea, primarily nocturnal. Also known as bushbabies or galagos. Like many strepsirhines, have specialized grooming tools. |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates SO Strepsirhini. Only on Madagascar-thus endangered. Very colorful, often with striking patterns. Well-developed tails for balance, more social, more communicative than other strepsherines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order Primates, SO Strepsirhini. Sporting lemurs - recently split form Lemuridae |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates SO Strepsirhini. Dwarf lemurs. Also all from Madagascar. |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates SO Strepsirhini. Indris, wooly lemurs, sifakas, often run/hop though primarily arboreal. Madagascar only. Indris are the largest prosimians. |
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Term
| Families of SO Haplorhini |
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Definition
| Tarsiidae, Cebidae, Callitrichidae, Cercopithecidae,Hylobatidae, Hominidae |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates. SO Haplorhini. Tarsiers. Asian islands in Philippine archipelage, Malay archipelage, Indonesia. Most primative of Haplorhines. Onces inhabited Europe, NA, Asia. Huge eyes.Can rotate head 180 degrees. |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates. SO Haplorhines. C and SA. Commonly seen in zoos. Most are generalist herbivores. Some have prehensile tails and are semibrachiators, others are more saltatorial. Both polygamous and monogamous mating systems within the family. |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates SO Haplorhini. C and SA. 26 species. Marmosets and tamarins. Omnivorous/insectivorous. Among smallest primates. Claws rather than nails. |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates. SO Haplorhini. Old wolrd monkeys. 81 species - Arica and much of Asia. Wide range of habitats, behaviors. includes the Macaques, mandrills, colobines. Often used in research. |
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Term
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Definition
| O Primates SO Haplorhini. 11 species. Gibbons and siamangs. Asia and Malay islands. True brachiators. |
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Term
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Definition
O Primates SO Haplorhini. Distribution is Asian and African, worldwide since Pleistocene. 5 species, 4 genera.
Gorilla, Pan, Pongo, Homo. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Subungulates. All in Afrotheria. Share ancestor with ungulates. Hindgut fermenters. Enlarged cecum. No baculum. No external scrotum. No clavicle. Short or no nails. Horizontal molariform tooth replacement. |
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Term
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Definition
| One family - Elephantidae. Two species - Asian and African. Some suggest taht African elephants should be split into two species -bush and forest elephants. |
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Term
| Elephant Contrasts: Asian |
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Definition
| Smaller size, ears, tusks, convex back, single lip on trunk, more and parallel ridges on teeth, 4 nails on hind feet, 19 pairs of ribs, tropical Asia |
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Term
| Elephant Contrasts: African |
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Definition
| Larger size, ears, tusks, concave back, two lips on trunk, fewer, angled ridges on teeth, 3 nails on hind feet, 20 pairs of ribs, sub-Saharan Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| Asain elephants domesticated, used as beasts of burden, beasts of war. Crop damage, occasional human damage, ivory trade, poaching. |
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Term
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Definition
| FAmily units made up of females and young, led by a matriarch. Males solitary or in bachelor herds, unless mating. Estrous lasts 2-4 days, occurs every 4 years or so. Males come into musth for 2-3 months each year. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tieds to water. Good at digging when no surface water available. Migrate to follow rains/food. Difficult to cool. Eat both woody and vegetative plant matter. Population increase threatens many populations. |
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Term
| Subungulate Fossil History |
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Definition
| First fossils from early Eocene in N Africa. First ones about the size of a small dog, one was semiaquatic. Another family survived until a few thousand years ago: Mammutidae (the mastodons) were hunted by modern humans. Mammoths are in the modern family Elephantidae, and survived until 4000 years ago. Many different sizes and styes and numbers of tusks |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyraxes or dassies. One family: Procaviidae with 4 species. Africa into Middle East. Two are tree dwellers, two are rock dwellers. Colonial. Two cecae. Date to early Eocene. Unsure of early ordianl relationships to other Afrotheria. Considered great taxonomic puzzle. |
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Term
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Definition
| manatees and dugongs. only 4 extant and one recently extinct. all are marine/aquatic. no hind limbs, flipper-like forelimbs, horizontal caudal fin, herbivorous,with proboscideans and soe extinct taxa, placed into the clade Ththytheria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early Eocene, widespread given their marine nature. Dugongs probably were origin for manatees. Early fossils semi aquatic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Easily hunted as they are slow and live in shallow water. Often injured by propellers. Incidental entangling in nets. Dugongs found in tropical shallows of Pacific and Indian oceans. Manatees from Florida through Caribbean to N SA, one in Amazon R. Another in W coast of Africa. |
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Term
| Largest Recently extinct Sirenian |
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Definition
Hydrodamalis gigas - Stellar's sea cow
by far the largest at 5000 kg, nearly African elephant weight and about 25 ft long. Driven extinct by sailors only 27 year after its discovery. Easily killed for food and sport. |
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Term
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Definition
| NOT A TAXON. Orders Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla are not closely related, simply just both unguligrade mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| ungulate. Mesaxonic, odd toed. Horns, if present, are dermal, midsagittal, and above frontal bones. Full series of cheek teeth. Enlarged cecum (post-gastric fermenters) |
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Term
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Definition
| Argued. Can be placed in CA, Africa, Indai, and non-Indian Asia. Late Paleocene origins, but probably diverged from nearest sister taxa in late Cretaceous. Sister taxon unknown. Suggestions include Hyracoidea, Carnivora, or Cetartiodactyla. Evidence inconclusive. |
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Term
|
Definition
Good series of fossils, especially horses. Largest EVER land mammal (Indricotherium-Baluchitherium)
Oligocene-Miocene development. The dominant large mammals in early Tertiary. Spectacular radiation in Eocene. As grasslands took over in mid Tertiary, out competed by artiodactyls. Reduced to just three families and 18 species in Quarternary. |
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Term
| Families within Order Perissodactyla |
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Definition
| Equidae, Tapiridae, Rhinocerotidae |
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Term
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Definition
| One genus. One functional digit. Found worldwide, except islands, Australia. Modern wild species are African and Asian, though there were Pleistocene American species as well. Polygynous herd animals. BEST fossil sequence-early ones had multiple functional toes, were very small |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 family, 4 species. 3 in C/SA, 1 in SE Asia. Earliest fossils early Oligocene. All species declining due to habitat destruction, as they are forest species. Herbivorous, solitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 species in 4 genera. 3 in SC Asia, 2 in s-S Africa. Large bodies, one or two dermally-derived horns on midline of rostrum. 3 digits per foot. Thick-skinned. Solitary to small herds, territorial. Known from late Eocene. Abundant in Pleistocene New World. Highly endangered due to cultural uses of horn, destruction of habitat. |
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Term
| Rhinocerotidae Species (common name/location) |
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Definition
Africa - White (grazer) and Black (browser) Rhinos
Asia - Sumatran (smallest and hairiest), Javan (only 60 left in wild, one horn), Indian (southern Himalayan countries) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ass, Burchell's Zebra, horse (E. caballus), Grevy's zebra, quagga (recently extinct), kulan/onager, Cape Mountain zebra, kiang |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 families. Found worldwide, except some island, Australia. Even-toed, paraxonic (midline between digits 3/4) Reduced bones in feet, ankles, adaptation for quick running. Horns or antlers often present, with bony component. Most have modified stomachs with a chamber for fermentation (gastric fermenters). Most adapted have 4 chambered stomachs (ruminants). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Whales and hipps are likely closest relatives to Artiodactyla which means whales should be within. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Earliest fossils from early Eocene, known from N. America, Asia, Europe. Ruminants also known from this early, so actual origins earlier. Several extinct families. |
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Term
| Artiodactyl extinct family of importance |
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Definition
| Anthracotheriidae. May be sister group to early whales. Cetacea/Anthracotheriid clade would have as its closest relative the hippos. This clade would then be most closely related to the suborder including the pigs and peccaries. |
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Term
| Artiodactyl suborders (w/o cetaceans) |
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Definition
Ruminatia - deer, antelope, cows
Suiformes - pigs, peccaries, hippos
Tylopoda - camels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Divided into NW and OW camels. Adults have single upper incisor on each side. Procumbent spatulate lower incisors. Upper and lower canines. OW in genus Camelus. NW in genera Lama, Vicugna. 3rd adn 4th metapodials fused proximally only to form a cannon bone. Phalanges 1 & 2 on these phalanges are flattened. 2nd is imbedded in a pad that makes up the sole of the foot, while the last phalanx has a nail, not a hoof. 3 chambered ruminant stomach. Most are polygynous, herd animals. First known from late Eocene of N. America. |
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Term
|
Definition
Genus Camelus. Bactrian Camel - asia north of Himalayas, 2 humps, holding fat.
Dromedary - arid northern Africa, Middle East, parts of India. Many adaptations to low water, including toleration of 30% water loss, drinking up to 100L water in 10 minutes. One hump. Now considered semi-domesticated. Australia has many as introduced species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genus Lama: llamas, guanacos, alpacas. All SA, Andean mts. Llamas and alpacas considered domestic animals. No humps. Extravagant pelage. Species interbreed. Guanacos are the wild form. Many fossil forms of camels of all sizes from Americas. |
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Term
| Families of Suborder Suiformes |
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Definition
| Hippoptamidae, Tayassuidae (peccaries), Suidae |
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Term
|
Definition
| Incisors and canines both tusk-like, continuously growing. Herd animals. Adapted to aquatic existence, but often leaves water to feed at night. s-S Africa, formerly known from Nile, Palestine, Madagascar. Fossil forms in Europe and Asia as well. Red-pigmented sweat. Important source of nutrients in aquatic systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| SW US south to central Argentina. Small, hairy, pig-like. Upper canines form tusks, directed downward, unlike suids. Scent gland on rump. 2 or 3 chambers in a NON-ruminating stomach. Herd animals. |
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Term
| Species w/in Family Tayassuidae |
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Definition
| Pecari tajacu - collared peccary. Inhabits a variety of habitats from rainforest to desert. Common in residential areas in Arizona, people often feed them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Upper canines curved UP and back into tusks. Omnivorous. Most are herd animals. Bc of introduction, now worldwide. 4 digits on each foot, only the middle two hit the ground. 2 chambered, NON-ruminant stomach. Genus Sus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sus scrofa is the wild stock for most domestic pigs. Common name is the wild boar. Wild type often considered a game animal. Feral hogs invasive species in KY can take at any time with hunting license. Can live in just about any habitat, prefer forests, wet areas. Domestic pigs can approach 2000 lbs, wild ones top at 1000 lbs. |
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Term
| Families of Suborder Ruminantia |
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Definition
| Giraffidae, Antilocapridae, Moschidae, Tragulidae, Bovidae, Cervidae |
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Term
|
Definition
| Giraffes and Okapi. Okapi in forests of central Africa. Giraffes in savanna regions of E and S Africa. Okapi solitary, giraffes in small herds. Okapi hornless, giraffes have horns. 4-chambered ruminant stoamch. Giraffes have a number of diff pattersn, varies geographically. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One species- Antilocapra americana. Prong horn antelope. Deserts and dry gansslands of western NA into N Mexico. No upper incisors. Horns are keratinous sheath over bony core, but the sheath is shed annually by males, irregularly by females. Fast, long-distance runners can hit 60 mph |
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Term
|
Definition
| Musk deer. Central/NE Asia. Sometimes considered a subfamily of Cervidae. No antlers. Males have large canine tusks. Abdominal musk gland - used in perfumes - heavily hunted for this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chevrotains, mouse deer. SE Asia, wooded Africa. Among smallest Artiodacts. Lateral digits, some may be digitigrade. No antlers or horns. Mouse deer have 3 stomach chambers, chevrotains 4, both ruminantes. Contains only semiaquatic artiodactyl. |
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Term
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Definition
| antelope, cattle, sheep, goats. Globally distributed, except SA, Australia. 2 functional hooves per foot. Bony-cored horns arising from frontal bones. 3rd/4th metapodials form cannon bone, fused along its length. Hysodont, selenodont cheek teeth. No upper incisors. Incisiform canines on lower jaw, occasionally on upper. variety of social structures. most polygynous herd animals. 4 chambered stomach, ruminate. Harvested for meat, horns, hide. Milk. |
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Term
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Definition
Bos taurus - cow
Capra hircus - goat
Ovis aries - sheep |
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Term
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Definition
| Bovinae, Caprinae, else are antelopes. |
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Term
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Definition
bison, buffalos, cattle, etc.
Bison bison is the American bison, NOT a buffalo.
Buffalo are either Asian or African. Many antelopes are in this subfamily that are more adapted for speed and have narrow rather than broad horns. |
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Term
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Definition
goats/sheep.
Native to US - Mountain goat, bighorn sheep, Dall sheep. |
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Term
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Definition
| deer and allies. Wide distribution, not in s-S Africa, Australia, islands. Antlers in all but one genera, made of bone, arising from frontals. No keratin sheath. Selenodont, moderately hypsodont teeth. no upper incisors, canines as in bovids. 4 toes on each foot, only middle two are functional. 4 chambered stomach, ruminate. browsers. polygynous, herd animals. earliest fossils late Eocene. widely hunted, some domesticated. |
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Term
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Definition
odocoileus virginianus - white-tailed deer
Cervus elaphus - elk
Odocoileus hemionus - mule deer
Alces alces - moose
Rangifer tarandus - caribou |
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Term
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Definition
| Known from late Paleocene of NA. Extinct family Paramyidae has good fossil record. Largest known - Eumegamys. More than 2000 species. Distribution worldwide except antarctica, though not native to australia. Convergent evolution with other groups -grazers, aquatic browsers, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| Gnawing dentition, single pair of upper and lower incisors. Curved, evergrowing, chisel-edged to due anterir enamel. Rarely more than 22 teeth. Diastema. Cheek teeth hypsodont, grinding, with transverse ridges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Closely related to Lagomorphs, but into a super order called Glires. Probably diverged early into 2 lines, represented by 5 modern suborders based on lower jaw design. Book represents as 2. |
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Term
| Rodent Suborders (according to book) |
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Definition
| Sciurognathi and Hystricognathi |
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Term
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Definition
| Anomaluromorpha,Castorimorpha, Hystricomorpha, Myomorpha, Sciuromorpha. |
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Term
| Different Rodent Skull Types |
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Definition
| Protrogomorphous, Sciuromorphous, hystricomorphous, myomorphous |
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Term
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Definition
Sciurognathous jaw - angular process largely originates long the line.
Hystricognathous jaw - angular process origin lateralized for increased muscle attachment |
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Term
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Definition
Sciurognathous jaw - angular process largely originates long the line.
Hystricognathous jaw - angular process origin lateralized for increased muscle attachment |
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Term
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Definition
Sciurognathous jaw - angular process largely originates long the line.
Hystricognathous jaw - angular process origin lateralized for increased muscle attachment |
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Term
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Definition
Sciurognathous jaw - angular process largely originates long the line.
Hystricognathous jaw - angular process origin lateralized for increased muscle attachment |
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Term
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Definition
Sciurognathous jaw - angular process largely originates long the line.
Hystricognathous jaw - angular process origin lateralized for increased muscle attachment |
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Term
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Definition
Sciurognathous jaw - angular process largely originates long the line.
Hystricognathous jaw - angular process origin lateralized for increased muscle attachment |
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Term
| Families of Suborder Hystricomorpha |
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Definition
| Bathyergidae, Hystricidae, Erethizontidae, Chinchillidae, Caviidae, Myocastoridae. |
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Term
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Definition
| blesmoles and molerats. includes naked mole rats |
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Term
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Definition
| OW Porcupines. Convergence w/ NW porcupines |
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Term
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Definition
| NW Porcupines. Erethizon dorsatum - NA Porcupine |
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Term
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Definition
| high altitude SA, farmed and trapped for fur |
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Term
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Definition
guinea pig, mya, and Capybara (largest rodent)
important food sources, high altitude SA, ranched and pets. |
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Term
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Definition
| nutria, SA, economic force in NA, large aquatic mammals, burrow holes in dikes, flooding. |
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Term
| Families within SO Castorimorpha |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Beaver. Largest NA rodent. Drove fur trade and exploration. Ecological engineers-create wetlands. |
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Term
| Families within SO Sciuromorpha |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Squirrels. 3 types: ground, tree, gliding/flying. Very diverse with diverse habitat. |
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Term
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Definition
| gophers. Burrowing rodents, territorial underground. need deep soil (mid-US) herbivorous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dipodidae, Muridae, Cricedtidae |
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Term
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Definition
| jumping mice, large prey base in desert |
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Term
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Definition
| most mice and rats, catch-all family, largest family of all mammmalia w/ worldwide distribution |
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Term
| Study of Behavior (two types) |
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Definition
| Ethology (classical behavioral study) and Behavioral ecology (ecological and evolutionary bases of behavior) |
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Term
| Behavior affecting distribution |
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Definition
| Habitat selection: avoid predation (edge species), avoid competition (habitat segregation), ensure nutrition (moose by water) |
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Term
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Definition
| Monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, promiscuity, polygamy |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 female, multiple males, eusocial mole rats and marmosets. sperm competition |
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Term
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Definition
| male, multiple females. most common in hoofed mammals. harem or spatial territory. most artiodactyls. most predators (territorial markings) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 male, 1 female. common in birds. both parents necessary for successful offspring rearing. sequential or permanent pair-bonding, prairie voles (sequential) in mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| uncertainty of paternity, mixed litters, tree squirrels |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual of one gender chooses the other |
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Term
| Reproductive Behaviors:after the act |
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Definition
| abandonment of females, switching groups, bachelor/female assemblages (many artiodactyls), infanticide (lions), parental care (lactation, female based), parental care male biased in some species. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 hypotheses: certainty of paternity, order of gamete release, association male territoriality includes eggs. Desertion only occurs where it does not lower fitness below what it would be by not deserting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circadian, seasonal, lunar |
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Term
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Definition
| modifying behavior from experience or instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Green beard effect, shared home, imprinting, phenotype matching |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceptible trait, recognition of shared trait, preferential treatment |
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Term
| GROUP vs Solitary:advantages |
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Definition
| avoid predation, foraging (scouts, larger prey, sharing), mating (bigger pool), |
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Term
| Group living:disadvantages |
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Definition
| conspicuous, competition, inbreeding, disease spread, conformity, |
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Term
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Definition
| study of interactions of organisms with their environments. study of the factors influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior, physiological ecology |
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Term
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Definition
| factors influencing vital rates, demography, dynamics. study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time. trade off between survival and reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| populations of different species and their interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| communities and their interactions with the abiotic environment |
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Term
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Definition
| study of factors such as birth rates, death rates, and immigration, and emigration rates, which determine the size and structure of populations through time |
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Term
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Definition
| average time between a mothers first offsping and her daughters first offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| plot of the logarithm of the number of survivors versus age. three general types |
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Term
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Definition
| growth rate is the change in the number of indiviuals in the population per unit time. if no immigration or emigration occurs, the per-capita rate of increase (r) is diff bt the birth and death rate per individual |
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Term
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Definition
| r declines when density is high and thus the birth rate decreases and death rate increases |
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Term
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Definition
| k, max number of individuals in a populatin that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time |
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Term
| density-independent factors |
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Definition
| usually abiotic and change birth rates and death rates irrespective of the size of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of interacting species, usually living within a defined area. lies between the spatial and biological scales of an ecosystem and a population |
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Term
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Definition
| +/0. dung beetles and elephants |
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Term
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Definition
| -/- occurs when individuals use the same limited resources |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs between members of the same species, competition for resources intensifies as a population's density increases. major cause of density dependent growth |
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Term
| interspecific competition |
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Definition
| between members of different species, occurs when the niches of 2 species overlap |
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Term
| competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
| states that it is not possible for species within the same niche to coexist |
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Term
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Definition
| +/- ingestion of one organism by another. three major types |
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Term
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Definition
| herbivory, parasitism, predation |
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Term
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Definition
| +/+ involves a wide variety of organisms and rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| +/+ involves a wide variety of organisms and rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of info from a signaler to a recevier. found in any species that has evolved to meed the needs of that species. |
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Term
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Definition
| provoked predictable response in reactors. intention movement prepatory to some other action. |
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Term
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Definition
| response that occurs in case of incompatible motivational conflicts. |
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