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Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
52
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
07/24/2012

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Term
What are the male sex hormones?
Definition
Androgens (testosterone, dihydrotesterone (DHT) and others
Term
Are male and female hormones found in both sexes? What is the difference?
Definition
Yes, males have more male sex hormones and females have more female
Term
What does the adrenal cortex do in both sexes?
Definition
produces sex hormones
Term
What are the testes?
Definition
Male gonads, consist of long coiled seminferous tubules.
Term
What do the testes do?
Definition
produce spermatozoa and secrete testosterone
Term
What is the duct system?
Definition
Storage and transport of sperm
Term
What is the epididymus?
Definition
stores sperm and matures sperm
Term
What is Vas Derens? (ductus deferans)
Definition
connects epididymus and urethra
Term
What is the urethra?
Definition
Urogenital system in males
-transports sperm out of body
Term
What is the reproductive tract in males?
Definition
Seminiferous tubules->
Epididymus ->
Vas deferens ->
Urethra
Term
What do the accessory sex glands do?
Definition
secrete the fluids of semen (sperm + fluids)
Term
What are the accessory sex glands?
Definition
1. seminal vesicles
2. prostrate
3. bulbourethral glands
Term
What are the seminal vesicles?
Definition
Produce the majority of semen
-connect with last portion of vas derens
-supply fructose- energy source for sperm
-produce an alkaline solution (HCO3) to neutralize acid environment of vagina
-produce prostaglandins-cause contractions of female reproductive tract to aid sperm travel
Term
What is the prostate?
Definition
surrounds last part of vas deferens
-produces enzymes that break up clotted sperm (PSA)
Term
What are the bulbourethral glands?
Definition
secrete mucus (known as pre-ejaculate emmision)
-helps lubricate femal reproductive tract
Term
How many compartments are the testes divided in?
Definition
250-300 compartments
Term
What does each compartment of the testes contain?
Definition
a portion of the seminiferous tubules-
sperm production
Term
What does the head of the sperm contain?
Definition
chromosomes, acrosome (enzyme necessary for fertilization)
Term
What does the midpiece of the sperm contain?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
What does the sperm tail do?
Definition
whiplike movements that propel sperm
Term
Seminiferous tubules are lined by?
Where are mature sperm?
Definition
developing sperm and supportive cells called Sertoli cells. Mature sperm are in center of tubule.
Term
What are Sertoli cells?
Definition
Required for sperm development
-secrete molecules that promote sperm development.
-provide nutrients for sperm
-provide fluid to flush sperm into epididymus
-secrete inhibin- negative feedback for FSH (anterior pituitary )
Term
What are sertoli cells stimulated by?
Definition
FSH and testerone
Term
What happens if there is no FSH or testosterone to sperm?
Definition
Sperm do not develop
Term
Do FSH and testerone directly stimulate sperm?
Definition
No, not directly
Term
What are Leydig cells?
Definition
Secrete testosterone
-located outside of seminiferous tubules (interstitial cells)
Term
What stimulates leydig cells, and from where?
Definition
LH from anterior pituitary gland
Term
What else is controlled by LH?
Definition
Testerone secretion has a negative feedback mechanism on LH secretion
Term
What are the most immature sperm called?
Definition
spermatogonia
Term
Following cell division, one spermatogonia stays to-
Definition
produce more for unlimited supply
Term
Spermatogenesis happens in testes from-
Definition
base of tubules to lumen
Term
What is testerone function before birth?
Definition
development of male reproductive system (testes and ducts)
Term
Testerone function at puberty:
Definition
Ensures maturation of male reproductive system
-enlarges testes and accessory sex glands
-initiates sperm production
-stops long bone growth (closes epiphyseal plates)
Term
What does the development of secondary sex characteristics (starting at puberty)
Definition
-deepens voice
-increase muscle development
-increase body hair
-increase sex drive
-incresed aggression -humans/
Term
Are blood levels of sex hormones in cycles as in females?
Definition
No, they are fairly constant on short terms
-Gonadotropin releasing hormones secreted in short burst every few minutes, causes relatively constant secretion of LH and thus testosterone
Term
Blood levels of sex hormones in males during prepubescent times? Puberty and adulthood?
Definition
low
High
Term
When sperm is released into lumen of seminiferous tubules it is- and remains there for - ?
Definition
immotile
remains about 20 days
Term
What is sexual response in males controlled by?
Definition
both divisions of autonomic nervous system and motor neuron reflex. It is at the level of spinal cord (spinal reflexes)
Term
Phases of sexual response in males?
Definition
erection
emmision (gland secretion)
ejaculation
Term
What controls erection?
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system
Term
What controls emission
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
What controls ejaculation?
Definition
sympathetic nervous system and motor neurons/skeletal muscle
Term
What does the penis mostly consist of?
Definition
erectile tissue- extensive network of blood capillaries
Term
Normally, arterioles giving rise to capillaries in penis are-
Definition
constricted so little blood flow into penis, penis is flacid
Term
During sexual stimulation, -- parasympathetic input into arterioles causing-- which causes --
Definition
increased
vasodilation
blood flows into erectile tissue causing penis to swell and produces erection
Term
What is vasodilation of arterioles caused by?
Definition
cyclic GMP
Term
What does viagra inhibit?
Definition
the enzyme that breaks down cGMP so more remains and maintains erection
Term
What is emission?
Definition
movement of semen (sperm and fluid) into urethra
Term
response to mechanical stimulation continues from-
Neural activity shifts-
Definition
erection to emission
parasympathetic to sympathetic control
Term
Emission adds secretions from-
Definition
seminal vesicles and prostate to sperm in ejaculatory duct
Term
What moves semen into urethra?
Definition
contractions of epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculatory duct move semen into urethra
Term
What is ejaculation?
Definition
Propulsive movement of semen through urethra and out of body. movement of semen into urethra triggers reflexes involing both sympathetic and skeletal muscle in penis, the burst of activity stimulates contractions of smooth muscle in urethra. Simultaneous closure of urethral sphincter
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