Term
| chromosomal sex -> gonadal sex -> phenotypic sex |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 types of sex determination? |
|
|
Term
| yes, both gonads produces hormones of the opposite sex |
|
Definition
| do female gonads make testosterone? do males make estrogen? |
|
|
Term
| Sry antigen on the y chromosomes tell the fetus's undifferentiated gonad to from the medulla into seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| what tells the undifferentiated gonad to make the medulla testis? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when the testicle medulla starts developing, what cells form and start making Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIS), causing regression of the Mullerian ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the testicle medulla starts developing, what cells form and start making testosterone & inducing further differentiation? |
|
|
Term
| sex determining region of the y chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what directs the fate of gonadal primordia towards testis development? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the default gender? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the first cells to differentiate under control by Sry (AMH)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what cells make androgen required for masculinization of fetuses? |
|
|
Term
| Wolffian ducts: seminal vesseicles, epididymis, vas deferens |
|
Definition
| what male repro- structures develop from testosterone presence? |
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|
Term
| external genitalia + prostate, (penis & scrotum) |
|
Definition
| what male repro- structures develop from dihydrotestosterone presence? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at what age in fetal development do the testis migrate from the posterior abdominal wall? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at what age in fetal development do the testis migrate into the scrotum? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most frequent congenital birth defect in male infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how often does cryptorchidism occur in full-term male births? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotal sac |
|
|
Term
uni- 2/3 of cases
bi - 1/3 of cases |
|
Definition
| what fraction of cases of cryptorchidism are unilateral? bilateral? |
|
|
Term
| testes need a lower temp than body temp for spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| why can cryptorchidism make you infertile? |
|
|
Term
| = tight short syndrome, leads to infertility |
|
Definition
| what is TSS and what does it cause? |
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|
Term
1) mechanical inhibition
2) hormonal insufficiency (lack of testosterone) |
|
Definition
| what things can inhibit the testicles descent? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what stimulates Sertoli cells to start spermatogenesis? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| what secretes inhibin to provide a negative feedback loop and prevents the anterior petuitary from making FSH? |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| placental trophoblast cells in primates and equids only make this |
|
|
Term
| alpha (glycoprotein), beta is unique to each protein |
|
Definition
| what subunit is common between TSH, LH, and FSH? |
|
|
Term
| adrenal glands in small amounts |
|
Definition
| where besides Leydig cells are male horomones secreted? |
|
|
Term
Leydig -> testosterone -> virilizing
Sertoli -> spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| ___ cells uptimately have virilizing effects, while ___ cells induce spermatogenesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are all androgens derrived from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the most abundant but relatively inactive androgen in males? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the active form of testosterone in the target tissue? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what male hormone is responsible for muscle strength and growth in males and is an anabolic hormone? |
|
|
Term
| in the early morning, remember that secretion is pulsatile and varies with the circadian rhythm |
|
Definition
| when are testosterone levels highest? |
|
|
Term
| 97%, bound to beta globulin |
|
Definition
| what percent of testosterone is bound in plasma? to what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the half life of testosterone? |
|
|
Term
| aromatase in the sertoli cells |
|
Definition
| what converts testosterone to estrogen in males and where is it found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is a high natural source of estrogen? |
|
|
Term
| sertoli cells convert testosterone to estrogen |
|
Definition
| why can male animals with sertoli tumors become feminized? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does the androgen receptor (a ligan-activated transcription facotr) have a higher affinity for DHT or testosterone? |
|
|
Term
| failure to regulate gene expression programs, and disorders of androgen sensitivity (like AIS) |
|
Definition
| what do mutations in the androgen receptors cause? |
|
|
Term
1) converted to estradiol by aromatase
2) convered to DHT by 5 alpha reductase
3) excreted as 17-keto-steroids (converted by 12 beta dehydrogenase)
4) conjugated with conjugating enzymes(for excretion)
5) used in testes, petuitary, or muscle |
|
Definition
| how is testosterone metabolized (5 ways) |
|
|
Term
albumin 60%
Sex hormone binding globulin 40% |
|
Definition
| what two plasma proteins carry testosterone? which one does more? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is used to conjugate testosterone before it is secreted? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much testosterone is free (unbound)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does testosterone get degraded? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what male cell is stimulated to divide at puberty? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which direction do germ cells move as they mature? |
|
|
Term
1) spermatogoium
2) primary spermatocyte
3) secondary spermatocyte (first division)
4) spermatid (second division)
5) spermatozoa |
|
Definition
| name the spermatogonium as they mature to a spermatozoa, where does the cell divide? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by interstitial Leydig cells in testis, essential for growth and development of germ cells |
|
|
Term
| Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) |
|
Definition
| secreted by Sertoli cells, binds and concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by anterior petuitary, in the male this stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by the anterior petuitary, controls metabolic rate in testes, promotes division of spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by the anterior petuitary in the male, stimulates Sertoli cells during Spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from testosterone by Sertoli cells under influence of FSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what sex hormones are secreted by the anterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
lack: FSH receptor, Androgen receptor
have: estrogen receptor |
|
Definition
| what receptors do germ cells have/lack? |
|
|
Term
| have: FSH receptor, Androgen receptor, estrogen from them facilitates spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| what receptors do Sertoli cells have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what cells have LH receptors and make testosterone required for spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is required for maximal sperm production? |
|
|
Term
1) destruction of seminiferous tubule epithelium due to orchitis from mumps
2) high temperatures
3) cryptorchidism |
|
Definition
| what can cause abnormal spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
| 2 degrees celcius below normal body temp |
|
Definition
| what is the ideal temp for sperm? |
|
|
Term
| 25% abnormal morphology, additional 25% abnormal motility |
|
Definition
| what percent of sperm have abnormal morphology? abnormal motility? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does final maturation of sperm occur where sperm gain their motility? |
|
|
Term
| the epididymis & ampulla of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many sperm are formed/day in young adult males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long can sperm be stored without losing their motility? |
|
|
Term
| inhibitory substances are secreted |
|
Definition
| what keeps sperm inactive in the epididymis and vas deferens? |
|
|
Term
| enhanced flagellum movement and the head enzymes changes so the sperm can penetrate the ovum |
|
Definition
| what changes occur in the sperm with capacitation? |
|
|
Term
| the adluminal compartment |
|
Definition
| where does the second mitotic division of sperm occur? |
|
|
Term
| the occluding Sertoli cell junction, this also provides the immunologic barrier |
|
Definition
| what keeps toxic materials from reaching sperm cells? (and prevents damage to the seminiferous tubule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what cells make up the blood testes barrier? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what cells synth & secrete androgen binding protein? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what cells phagocytize defective sperm? |
|
|
Term
1) luminal fluid
2) ABP
3) factors that mediate sperm proliferation and differentiation
4) inhibin
5) molecules that target Leydig cells
6) Mullerian inhibiting substance(MIS) |
|
Definition
| list all the substances secreted by Sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| fructose, citric acid, prostaglandins & fibrinogen |
|
Definition
| what do the secretions of the seminal vessicles contain? |
|
|
Term
| helps semen coagulate and adhere to the cervix |
|
Definition
| what does fibrinogen do to semen? |
|
|
Term
1) stimulate reverse peristalsis of the uterus and fallopian tubes
2) increase fluidity of cervical mucus
3) increase sperm motility |
|
Definition
| what do prostaglandins in semen do? |
|
|
Term
| citrate, Ca++, phosphatase, fibrinolysin |
|
Definition
| what is found in the fluid secreted by the prostate? |
|
|
Term
| increases sperm motility by dissolving fibrinogen, secreted by the prostate |
|
Definition
| what does fibrinolysin do and what accessory sex gland secretes it? |
|
|
Term
fibrinogen: seminal vessicles
fibrinolysin: prostate |
|
Definition
| where is fibrinogen secreted into semen? where is fibrinolysin secreted into the semen? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormones increase when testosterone increases? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what causes testicular descent into the scrotum, formation of the external genetalia/acessory glands, pubic & axillary body hair growth, and growth/remodeling of the larynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what region of the scalp does testosterone cause hair loss? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is one of the last secondary sex characteristics to develop? |
|
|
Term
| 1) pubertal growth spurt 2) directs pelvic bone formation 3) increase in muscle mass 4) positive nitrogen and electrolyte balance 5) increases red cell pdxn 6) increase BMR 7) renal/salivary gland enlargement 8) decreased sub Q fat deposition |
|
Definition
| what are the anabolic effects of testosterone in men? |
|
|
Term
| 1) closes epihyseal plates in long bones 2) bone remodeling (anti-osteoporosis) 3) increases insulin sensitivity 4) increase HDL, decreases LDL and TAGs 5) contributes to feedback inhibition on the HPG axis |
|
Definition
| what does estrogen to do men? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does progesterone do in men? |
|
|
Term
1)thoughts, emotions, sensory inputs: sight and smell -psychogenic 2) mechanoreceptors
parasympathetic |
|
Definition
| what things trigger erection? what branch of the ANS? |
|
|
Term
1)increased activity of neurons releases NO
2) decreased sympathetic activity |
|
Definition
| once stimulated by mechanical or psychogenic factors, what happens to the neurons in the penis? |
|
|
Term
| dilation of the arteries in the penis, erection, and compression of the veins |
|
Definition
| during erection, once NO is released and sympathetic neurons activity decreases in the penis, what happens? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what process happens when nitric oxide from parasympathetic fibers leads to vasodilation and engorgement of the erectile tissues |
|
|
Term
1) erection
2) lubrication
3) orgasm (emission and ejaculation)
4) detumescence |
|
Definition
| what are the 4 stages of arousal? |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetics (cause lubrication) |
|
Definition
| what branch of the ANS causes mucus to be secreted by the urethra and bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what branch of the ANS causes orgasm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is the sympathetics reflex in the spinal cord that causes orgasm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction of the vas deferens & ampulla which releases sperm into the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction of the prostate and seminal vessicles, fills and stretches urethra |
|
|
Term
| resolution (of the male sexual response) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes increase in guanylate cyclase activity in VSM of helicine arteries leading to an increase in cGMP, causeing relaxation of VSM and increase blood flow to vascular sinuses |
|
Definition
| what does NO do to cause erection (cellularly)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what enzyme is NEEDED for erection? |
|
|
Term
1) arterial
2) neurogenic
3) psychogenic
4) traumatic
5) endocrinologic probs
6) drugs |
|
Definition
| what factors can cause ED? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what can lead to impariment of nitrergic innervation of the endothelium and thus ED? |
|
|
Term
| a decrease in bioavailability of NO |
|
Definition
| endothelial dysfunction from inflammation and oxidative stress can cause _____ leading to ED |
|
|
Term
| 5 phosphodiesterase, converts cGMP to 5'-GMP (so erection is maintained) |
|
Definition
| what enzyme is inhibited by viagra, and what does it do? |
|
|
Term
| there are phosphodiesterase 6 receptors in the retina |
|
Definition
| why does too much viagra cause blue vision? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what can exogenous Testosterone administration result in? |
|
|
Term
| intra-testicular testosterone must be 100 x greater than the blood to support spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| what testicular: blood ratio supports spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
| the circulating T feedback inhibits LH, failing to make the Leydig cells make testosterone |
|
Definition
| why does raising circulating testosterone fail to elevate testicular testosterone to physiological levels? |
|
|
Term
| sperm antibodies build up |
|
Definition
| why does a vasectomy reversal cause lower fertility rates? |
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|
