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| sex-determining gene on short arm of Y chromosome; expressed in early embryonic development; "master switch"; encodes for TESTIS-DETERMINING FACTOR, transcription factor initiating male sex organ development |
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| responds to changes in ambient temperature, contraction moves testes closer to abdominal wall |
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| cold temperatures cause contraction; thin sheet of smooth muscle in superficial fascia of scrotum |
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| unusually thick, dense CT capsule covering each testis; inner part of capsule - TUNICA VASCULOSA - loose CT w/ blood vessels; testis divided into 250 lobules by incomplete CT septa projecting from capsule |
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| each lobule of testis consists of one to four; sperm are produced; CT stroma containing Leydig cells; forms loop, highly convoluted, folding on itself |
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| SERTOLI CELLS - supporting cells, don't replicate post-puberty; columnar, extensive apical/lateral processes |
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| regularly replicate/differentiate into mature sperm; between adjacent Sertoli cells; most immature - SPERMATOGONIA; most mature - SPERMATIDS |
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| multilayered CT lacking fibroblasts; 3-5 layers of MYOID CELLS (contractile cells), collagen fibrils; thickness increases with aging - decreased rate of sperm production; |
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| in tunica propria; contractile cells similar to smooth muscle cells; rhythmic contractions create peristaltic waves that help move spermatozoa and testicular fluid through seminiferous tubules to duct system |
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| large, polygonal, eosinophilic cells; lipid droplets; secrete testosterone; inactive between early fetal development and puberty - simulated when exposed to gonadotropin |
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SPERMATOGONIAL PHASE - spermatogonia mitotically divide to replace themselves and produce committed cells to differentiate
SPERMATOCYTE PHASE - meiosis, primary spermatocytes undergo 2 meiotic divisions, produce spermatids
SPERMATID PHASE - spermiogenesis; spermatids mature |
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| spermatids undergo final maturation, released from supporting Sertoli cells into seminiferous tubule lumen; progressive removal of Sertoli-to-spermatid junctional complexes - disengagement |
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| derived from first meiotic division; 1n chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids, 2d - diploid; |
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| results from second meiotic division of secondary spermatocyte; 1d, 1n; undergo differentiation process to produce mature sperm |
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GOLGI PHASE - proacrosomal granules accumulate in Golgi, coalesce into ACROSOMAL VESICLE; centriole migrates, axoneme develops
CAP PHASE - acrosomal vesicle spread over anterior half of nucleus - ACROSOMAL CAP; nuclear contents condense
ACROSOME PHASE - reorients itself, cytoplasm displaced posteriorly, flagellum develops
MATURATION PHASE - excess cytoplasm around flagella reduced, forms mature SPERMATOZOON, Sertoli cells phagocytose residual body |
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| new sperm cells nonmotile, carried in fluid from seminiferous tubules via peristalsis, enter STRAIGHT TUBULES, enter RETE TESTIS at mediastinum, move to EFFERENT DUCTULES, enter DUCT OF THE EPIDIDYMIS reach distal portion and stored until ejaculation |
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| occur when sperm travels through coiled duct of epididymis; condensation of DNA, head decreases, reduction of cytoplasm - become slender, changes in plasma membrane; decapacitation factor added - decapacitation, reversible, inhibits fertilizing ability; initiation of motility |
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| tall, columnar, non-replicating epithelial cells on basal lamina of seminiferous epithelium; |
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| Sertoli cell-to-Sertoli cell junctional complex |
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| exceedingly tight junction including more than 50 parallel fusion lines; flattened cisterna of sER parallel to plasma membrane in region of junction; actin filament bundles interposed between sER cisternae and plasma membranes; gap junctions bet. cells; desmosome-like junctions between Sertoli and spermatogenic cells; hemidesmosomes at cell-basal lamina interface |
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| Junctional complexes of Sertoli cells; plasma proteins and antibodies excluded from lumen of seminiferous tubules; ABP highly concentrated in lumen - maintain high concentration of testosterone; provides sperm barrier from immune system |
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| androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
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Definition
| concentrates testosterone in lumen of seminiferous tubule - high conc of testosterone crucial for normal sperm maturation; |
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| "tubuli recti"; short terminal section of seminiferous tubule lined only by Sertoli cells; narrow near termination, lining changes to simple cuboidal epi; empty into RETE TESTIS |
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| preceded by straight tubules; complex series of interconnecting channels within highly vascular CT of mediastinum; lined by simple cuboidal/low columnar epi; single apical cilium, few short apical microvilli |
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| connect rete testis with duct of epididymis; become highly coiled when exit testis; lined with pseudostratified ciliated (only tall, not short) columnar epi; luminal surface sawtooth appearance; most fluid reabsorbed; smooth muscle layer first appears |
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| superior/posterior surfaces of testis; head (efferent ductules), body and tail (duct of epididymis); thin smooth muscle coat from efferent ductules, three sm. muscle layers at tail continuous with ductus deferens - peristaltic movement at head, storage at tail necessitating strong contractions for ejaculation |
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PRINCIPAL CELLS - numerous long, stereocilia; cells vary in length;
BASAL CELLS - small, round cells on basal lamina - stem cells of duct epithelium
HALO CELLS - migrating lymphocytes |
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Term
| ductus deferens (vas deferens) |
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Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epi; direct continuations of epididymis tail; enters abdomen passing through inguinal canal along spermatic cord; descends in pelvis (level of bladder), enlarges into AMPULLA OF DUCTUS DEFERENS, joined by DUCT OF SEMINAL VESICLE, continues through prostate gland to urethra - EJACULATORY DUCT |
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| paired, elongate, highly folded tubular glands posterior wall of bladder; excretory duct combines with ampulla of ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct; secrete whitish yellow viscous material to flush sperm from urethra; under control of testosterone |
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| largest accessory sex gland; secretes clear, slightly alkaline fluid that contributes to formation of seminal fluid; inner mucosal layer, intermediate submucosal layer, peripheral layer with main glands; |
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| adult prostatic parenchyma |
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Definition
CENTRAL ZONE - surrounds ejaculatory ducts as they pierce prostate, 25% of prostate glandular tissue
PERIPHERAL ZONE - 70% of prostate glandular tissue; surrounds central zone, posterior/lateral parts of gland
TRANSITIONAL ZONE - surrounds prostatic urethra; 5% of prostate gland. tiss.; mucosal glands
PERIURETHRAL ZONE - mucosal/submucosal glands |
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| joins initial portion of penile urethra; resemble mucus glands; simple columnar epi controlled by testosterone; secretes major constituent of preseminal fluid, lubricates penile urethra. |
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| fluids and sperm from testis and secretory products from epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands; neutralizes acidic vaginal environment |
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CORPORA CAVERNOSA - two dorsal masses of erectile tissue
CORPUS SPONGIOSUM - ventral mass of erectile tissue, contains urethra; TUNICA ALBUGINEA binds 3 together, forms capsule around each; |
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