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making sense of the enviorment
ls 2
23
Science
Undergraduate 1
05/17/2009

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Term
adenylate cyclase
Definition
-integral proteins
-enzyme that synthesizes cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cyclic AMP (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Term
autocrine
Definition
signal bind to and affect the cell that makes it
Term
connexon
Definition
- in gap junction it is the protein channel that link adjacent animal cells.
-made up of 6 proteins
Term
cytoplasmic receptor
Definition
receptors in the cytoplasm
Term
cAMP
Definition
-compound form from atp that mediates the effect of numerous animal hormone
-form from adenylate cyclase
- important second messenger
activates protein kinase A, which goes on the phosphorylate certain cellular proteins.
Term
cGMP
Definition
-intracellular messenger that is involve in g protein transmission pathways
-dervived from GTP
-activates intracellular protein kinases
-catalyzed by guanylate cyclase (GC), which converts GTP to cGMP
Term
calmodulin/ calmodulin kinase
Definition
CaM) is a ubiquitous, calcium-binding protein that can bind to and regulate a multitude of different protein targets, thereby affecting many different cellular functions. CaM mediates processes such as inflammation, metabolism, apoptosis, muscle contraction, intracellular movement, short-term and long-term memory, nerve growth and the immune response.
Term
desmotubule
Definition
membrane extension that connects the endoplasmic reticulum of two plant cells,that transverse the plasmodesmata
Term
diacylglycerol (DAG)
Definition
glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages.
-diacylglycerol (DAG) remains within the plasma membrane, due to its hydrophobic properties. IP3 stimulates the release of calcium ions from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, whereas DAG is a physiological activator of protein kinase C (PKC)
Term
effector proteins
Definition
protein responsible for a cellular response
Term
g proteins
Definition
"molecular switches," alternating between an inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and active guanosine triphosphate (GTP) bound state, ultimately going on to regulate downstream cell processes.
Term
gap junction
Definition
connects nearby cells
-Dissolved substances such as ions or glucose can pass through the gap junctions.
-Ca++ control of gap junction opening
-high lvl of Ca++= close gap junction
-low lvl of Ca++= open gap junction
Term
guanylyl cyclase
Definition
-creates cGMP
-transmembrane protein
soluble GC
-involved in vasodilatation
-receptor for NO
Term
direct/ indirect transduction
Definition
-direct occurs on the membrane
-indirect involves a second messenger
Term
inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Definition
-second messenger derived from membrane phospholipids
- phospholipase C cleaves off IP3, which is a small polar molecule.
-The IP3 diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum, which stores Ca++. The IP3 binds to and opens a ligand gated ion channel that allows Ca++ to move out into the cytosol

website:http://courses.washington.edu/conj/gprotein/ip3.htm
Term
ligand
Definition
any molecule that binds to a receptor site of another usually larger molecule
Term
Nitric oxide ( NO)
Definition
unstable molecule serving as a second messenger causing smooth muscles to relax. in the nervous system it acts as a neurotransmitter.
Term
paracrine
Definition
a substance, hormone, that acts locally near the site of secretion
Term
paracrine
Definition
a substance, hormone, that acts locally near the site of secretion
Term
PIP2 phosphatidyl inositol-biphosphate
Definition
the products obtained by cleavage of PIP3
-PIP2 is a substrate for cleavage with phospholipase C (PLC), a membrane-bound enzyme activated through protein receptors
-Products of this reaction are inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)
Term
phospholipase C
Definition
-PLC cleaves a phospholipid to make IP3 and DAG
Term
plasmodesma
Definition
small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells.
- Similar to the gap junctions found in animal cells
Term
second messenger
Definition
receptors within the cytoplasm
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