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MAking A Living
Chapter 5.
34
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2011

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Term
agriculture
Definition
non industrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor
Term
reciprocity balanced
Definition
exchange of goods, barrowing, peopleuse what they need to use. no sense of private property
Term
reciprocity generalized
Definition
immediate or set time frame of barrowing goods. e.g: barrowing clothes from someone
Term
reciprocity negative
Definition
bartering, silent trade, theft, explotation. calcualted and social distance is the greatest
Term
band
Definition
basic unit of social organization among foragers. A band includes fewer than 100 people; often splitting up seasonally
Term
economy
Definition
a populations system of production, distribution and consumption of sources
Term
horticulture
Definition
Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time
Term
market principle
Definition
profit oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states. Goods and services are bought and sold and values are determined by suply and demand
Term
means of production
Definition
land, labor, technology and capital - major productive resources
Term
mode of production,
Definition
way of organizing production- set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills and knowledge
Term
pastoralism
Definition
people who use a food producing stradegy of adaptation based on care of herds and domesticated animals. egaltarian society, ownership of animals determins politics and social organization:ranking
Term
pastoralists nomadism
Definition
the entire group -women, men and children moves with the animals throughout the year
Term
pastoralists transhumance
Definition
only part of the group moves with the herds but most people stay in the home village
Term
peasants
Definition
small-scale agriculturalist living in a state, with rent fund obligations
Term
potlach
Definition
competitive feat among indians on the north pacific coast of north america
Term
redistributions issues: typology of adaptive strategies
Definition
foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, industrialism
Term
foraging
Definition
foraging was primary human means of making a living until advent of food production incldes food collecting: (hunting and gathering), small group sized, high mobility within home range, low population, egaltairian society,no headman, food sharing (horticulture/agriculture/pastoralism) – 10 K years ago
Term
horticulture features
Definition
food production, ranked stree crops, root crops, seed crops, hand labor, not much food surplus, ocial structure,some specialized roles, division of labor by sex
Term
industrialism
Definition
food production, acquisition, factory workers, alienation from there product, no strong pride or personal idenification in their work.
Term
features of agriculture on “cultivating continuum;”
Definition
requires more labor than horticulture , uses land continuously. demands include, domesticated animals, irrigation and terracing
Term
pastoral strategy – always mixed – know how
Definition
activities focus on domesticated animals such as cattle, sheeps, goats camels common to live in sybiosis with their herds.they consume their meat blood and milk
Term
Definition
the cross culture study of systems of production, distribution and consumption. in non industiral societies, kinbased mode of production prevails. one aquires rights to resources and labor through membership ans social groups not impersonally through purchse and sale
Term
economics anthropology
Definition
the system of production, distribution, exchange. the science of allocating scarce means to alternative ends.
Term
anthropologist perspective on economics
Definition
how production,distribution, and consumtion organized in different societies. nonindustrial societies there is a more intimate relationshipbetween the worker and the means of production (land labor and technology)
Term
distribution
Definition
three modes of distribution: reciprocity, re distribution and market exchange
Term
exchange systems
Definition
market principle, redistribution and reciprocity
Term
Polanyi’s exchange principles
Definition
reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange, money; correlations of exchange modes with other features of economy;
Term
reciprocity
Definition
one of the 3 principles of exchange, governs exchange between social equals major exchange mode in band and tribal societies
Term
redistribution
Definition
inward flow,outward dispersal, requires centralized government and political figure motives which include
1.) main authority(collects tribute, display wealth)
2.)assure that needs are met
3.)establish alliances

operates when goods services or other equivilant mmove from othe local level to a canter. the cneter may be a captial, regional collectiion point, or store house near cheifs residence. e.g: cherokee, productive farmers who subsidted on maided beans amd squash. evveryone would bring tthem together and was agreed upon that the food was there for whoever needed it
Term
market exchange
Definition
dominates in states, buying and selling for profit, sedintary societies with surplus and labor specialization, buyer and seller, no other relationship, standard currency
Term
correlations of exchange modes with other features of economy
Definition
tax money going to the goventment-redistribution, sale of consumer goods- market place principle, exchange of gifts (balanced) reciprocity
Term
ritual patterns of feasting and exchange among nonindustrial food producing societies
Definition
a villiage who had a good year and had a surplus of substance items which could be trade for more durable wealth items such as blankets, canooes, pieces of copper. wealth in trun, by being distributed, could be converted into prestige.
Term
moka
Definition
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