Term
| What is molten rock beneather the earth's surface called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a solid rock is digested in a rock melt, for example in a magma chamber below a volcano we call it? |
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Definition
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Term
| The rock cycle describes how? |
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Definition
| rocks form and break down |
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Term
| The most abundant gas emitted by volcanoes is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The basic constituents of all matter are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Bowen's Reaction Series describes: |
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Definition
| The sequence in which minerals form when magmas cool |
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Term
| Sodium (Na) has an atonic number of 11. How many electrons will a neural Na have? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what type of environment did the ripples depicted above most likely form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following mineral would be most concentrated at a site containing heavily weathered sediments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a large volume of crust? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of metamorphism is caused by igneous intrusions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kinda of metamorphism would you expect to see in the rocks at a meteorite impact site? |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of the layers in sedimentary rock is known as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a genera pressure in all directions, such as the pressure that the atmosphere exerts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is an example of a clastic sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| Burial of sediments results in __________. |
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Definition
| increasing pressure and increasing temperature |
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Term
| Which of the following lists is written in order of decreasing particle size? |
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Definition
| conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone |
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Term
| In which of the following sedimentary rocks would it be easiest to determine the type of rocks from which the sediment was derived? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sedimentary processes take place ____________. |
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Definition
| at or near the Earth's surface |
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Term
| Marble is a rock that forms from |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a large volume of crust? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following sequences describes the metamorphic changes in a shale with increasing metamorphic grade (left to right)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following metamorphic rocks cannot form from a shale? |
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Definition
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Term
| The parent rock of quartzite is ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fossils are most common in which rock types? |
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Definition
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Term
| Turbidity currents generate: |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks ultimately weather because: |
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Definition
| their minerals are unstable at surface conditions |
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Term
| Contact metamorphism is the result of: |
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Definition
| contact of rock with magma and magmatic fluids |
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Term
| If coins represent sediment grains then which of the following collections would be considered most mature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following regions is most likely to be dominated by mechanical weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following minerals will dissolve completely during weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
| In sediment and sedimentary rocks, the term texture refers to: |
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Definition
| size, sorting, rounding, and shape |
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Term
| Metamorphism is most common along with plate boundary type? |
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Definition
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Term
| A clastic sedimentary rock contains a piece of coarse- grained olivine. What rock is most likely in the source? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a metamorphic rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a type of weathering that does not involve expansion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following metamorphic rocks may have visible fossils? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following rock types would be most affected by chemical weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
| Marble forms when one of the following rocks is metamorphosed: |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphic rocks may form from: |
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Definition
| any of the major rock types |
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Term
| Which group of minerals will only form as a result of weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disintegration and decomposition of rock |
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Term
| What are the basic steps of lithification (in the correct order)? |
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Definition
| compaction, cementation, recrystallization |
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Term
| The main types of weathering are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Mud cracks typically develop in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following rocks is likely to have a texture referred to as gneissic? |
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Definition
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Term
| As one approaches the source of a particular sedimentary layer the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following sedimentary rocks would be classified as bioclastic? |
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Definition
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Term
| The major environments for sedimentary deposition are: |
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Definition
| marine, shoreline, and land |
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Term
| Frost action is effective in weathering because: |
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Definition
| ice has greater volume than liquid water |
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Term
| What are the local rocks under our feet called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sort of rock does gravel turn into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What icelandic word did the news media have a very hard time pronouncing in 2010? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is iceland located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Seamounts sink to great depths because they: |
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Definition
| are carried to lower-lying places by seafloor spreading |
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Term
| A "seismic discontinuity" inside the Earth is idenitified by: |
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Definition
| abrupt change in seismic velocity |
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Term
| The mechanism for plate movement is believed to be: |
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Definition
| convection of heat within the mantle |
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Term
| The "Ring of Fire" encircles the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest planet in the solar system is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements about magnetic stripes on the sea floor is FALSE? |
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Definition
| they result from differences in rock types or rock chemistry |
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Term
| Which of the following is the largest plate? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are more impact craters on the Moon's surface than Earth's because |
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Definition
| surface processes on Earth have wiped out most craters |
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Term
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Definition
| one that fringes an island or landmass landward of deep water |
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Term
| An active continental margin: |
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Definition
| may be near an ocean trench |
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Term
| One of the planets recently fell out of favour with astronomers and is no longer considered a proper planet. Which one is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| The topography of the seafloor consists of: |
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Definition
| ridges, trenches, hills, vast plains, plateaus, and volcanoes |
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Term
| Which of the following statements about Earth's Moon is TRUE? |
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Definition
| weathering and erosion are insignificant on the Moon |
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Term
| An active continental margin: |
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Definition
| may be near an ocean trench |
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Term
| Alfred Wegener's hypothesis of drifting continents finally became more widely accepted when: |
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Definition
| apparent polar wandering was discovered |
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Term
| Which of the following statements about the Earth's shape is true? |
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Definition
| its is flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator |
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Term
| Which of the following statements about the seafloor is FALSE? |
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Definition
| earthquakes occur along the entire length of the fracture zones |
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Term
| Seamounts, guyots and aseismic ridges orginate from: |
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Definition
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Term
| The absolute direction of plate motion can be determined by: |
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Definition
| reference to stationary hot spots such as the Hawaiian Islands |
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Term
| Which of the following statements is correct? |
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Definition
| the lithosphere contains the crust and upper mantle |
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Term
| Island arcs - such as Japan - form at: |
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Definition
| oceanic-oceanic plate boundaries |
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Term
| The age of the Earth is estimated to be approximately: |
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Definition
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Term
| The "S-wave shadow" zone is due to: |
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Definition
| blockage by the liquid outer core |
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Term
| The order of the planets is (from Sun out): |
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Definition
| Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto |
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Term
| Which of the following statements is FALSE? |
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Definition
| Hawaii is on a mid-oceanic ridge |
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Term
| Temperatures in the solar system generally: |
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Definition
| decrease away from the Sun |
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Term
| Most meteorites come from beyond: |
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Definition
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Term
| The theory of plate tectonics is often called the "unified theory of earth sciences". The basic building blocks of the theory are ridgid plates consisting of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Certain rock types can be used to determine the locations of the past magnetic poles because: |
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Definition
| iron-bearing minerals align themselves in the direction of the current magnetic field when the rock cools below a certain temperature |
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Term
| Flat surfaces covering vast areas of the deep ocean floor are known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| The discovery of guyots indicated that: |
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Definition
| guyots must be geologically young and have moved away from spreading ridges or hot spots over time |
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Term
| Recent studies indicate that a part of the Earth's core is: |
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Definition
| rotates faster than the rest of the Earth |
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Term
| The vast majority of earthquakes on Earth occurs: |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common rock type on island arcs is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The oldest rocks that are part of the sea floor are generally: |
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Definition
| younger than 200 million years old |
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Term
| Which of the following structural layers of Earth is liquid? |
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Definition
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Term
| The correct sequence of Earth's solid layers, listed completely and from its surface to the interior is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence for the internal structure of the Earth comes mostly from? |
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Definition
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Term
| A continent extends laterally and vertically until we reach: |
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Definition
| the transition from grantic crust to basaltic curst occurs somewhere along and beneath the continental slope |
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Term
| What kind of plate boundary defines the western edge of South America? |
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Definition
| oceanic-continent convergent |
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Term
| Long fractures in the seafloor are formed: |
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Definition
| perpendicular to, and offsetting oceanic ridges |
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Term
| The basic plate boundaries are: |
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Definition
| convergent, divergent and transform |
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Term
| Meteorites are classified into three categories: |
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Definition
| irons, stones, and stony-irons |
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Term
| A Benioff zone is a region where earthquake foci (point of origin): |
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Definition
| dip steeply beneath an active margin |
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Term
| Most meteorites are how old? |
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Definition
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Term
| When two continents collide: |
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Definition
| one will be incompletely subducted and a mountain range will form at the collision boundary |
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Term
|
Definition
| the topographic expression of subduction zones |
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Term
| The structural layer which comprises the greatest volume of the earth is: |
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Definition
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Term
| If old oceanic crust were not subducted: |
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Definition
| the mantle would grow thinner while the crust would grow thicker |
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Term
| The main types of crust on Earth are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following properties does not depend on the chemical composition of an igneous rock/ magma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following lavas will flow downhill fastest? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Partial melting of mantle rocks |
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Term
| The basic building unit of silicate minerals is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| How the surface of a mineral reflects light is referred to as _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common mineral or mineral group in the earth's crust is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dominant type of bonding in minerals? |
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Definition
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Term
| A volcano consisting of alternating lava flows and pyroclastics is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common rock- forming minerals are ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the international scientific term for a lava flow with a smooth surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| Andesite is an example of an __________ igneous rock. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aggregates of minerals and/ or glass |
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Term
| Which of the following subatomic particles has a positive charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following igneous rocks has the highest silica content? |
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Definition
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Term
| Isotopes of an element have different numbers of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| If hardness is a measure of the strength of chemical bonds then which of the following minerals has the strongest bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following volcanoes is most likely to contain pillow lava? |
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Definition
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Term
| Large crystals will grow from a magma or melt that: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following type of volcanoes is typically the largest in terms of volume? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If a magma undergoes fractional crystallization, the remaining magma will be ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the geologic sense a mineral is: |
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Definition
| any crystalline substance formed inorganically |
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Term
| Which of the following igneous rocks has the same chemical composition as diorite? |
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Definition
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Term
| The melting temperature of a rock will be ________ by the presence of water. |
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Definition
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Term
| The main difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The classification of igneous rocks is dependent on texture and ______. |
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Definition
| the relative proportion of silicate minerals |
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Term
| Which of the following minerals does not normally occur in basalt? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most common element in the Earth's crust? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Minerals are grouped together by: |
|
Definition
| negative ion or ion group |
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|
Term
| Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth's crust are called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following lists is in the correct order of increasing silica content (left to right)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Solid materials that do not possess an orderly arrangement of atoms are called _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| All magmas fall into which groups? |
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Definition
| mafic, intermediate, and felsic |
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Term
|
Definition
| partial melting of mantle rocks |
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