Term
| Hyponatremia (Na < 136 mEq) |
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Definition
Cerebral: Changes in level of consciousness, behavioral, apprehension and personality
Neuro: muscle weakness and cramping, decrease muscle tone and reflexes
GI: increase motility causing nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping
Cardio: Hypovolemia: rapid, weak & thready pulse, easily block with slight pressure, decrease in diastolic BP.
Hypervolemia: bounding pulses, difficult to block.
Renal: increase urine output |
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Term
| Hypernatremia (Na > 145 mEq) |
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Definition
| Thirst, dry skin, rough red tongue, dry sticky mucous membranes, fever |
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Term
| Hypokalemia (K < 3.5 mEq) |
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Definition
Alkalosis, shallow resp., irritability, confusion, weakness, fatigue, arrhythmias, lethargy, thready pulse, decrease motility, N&V
(A SIC WALT) |
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Term
| Hyperkalemia (K > 5.0 mEq) |
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Definition
| Bradycardia, hypotension, early stages muscle twitching, tingling & burning sensations followed by numbness in hands, feet & face; in later stages muscle weakness in hands & legs followed by flaccid paralysis. Increase peristalsis, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea |
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Term
| Hypocalcemia (Ca < 9.0 mg/dL) |
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Definition
| slower or slightly faster than normal with a weak thready pulse, muscle twitching & tingling (Chvostek & Trousseau), increase peristalsis, hyperactive bowl sounds, diarrhea, abd cramping |
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Term
| Hypercalcemia (Ca > 10.5 mg/dL) |
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Definition
| Increase HR & BP, slow HR leading to cardiac arrest, blood clots form in legs & impairs blood flow, muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, lethargy & coma. Decrease peristalisis, hypoactive bowel sounds, anorexia, nausea, abd distention, constipation |
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Term
| Hypophosphatemia (PO <3.0 mg/dL) |
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Definition
| decrease cardiac output, reversible cardiac muscle damage, shallow respirations due to muscle weakness, acute muscle breakdown, irritability, confusion, seizures |
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Term
| Hyperphosphatemia (PO >4.5 mg/dL) |
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Definition
Short term see symptoms of hypocalcemia & tetany (tingling of fingertips around mouth), numbness & muscle spasms.
Long term: soft tissue calcification |
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Term
| Hypomagnesemia (Mg < 1.3 mEq/L) |
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Definition
| decrease motility, anorexia, nausea, adb distention, decreased bowel sounds. Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, numbness & tingling, painful muscle contractions, positive Trousseau's & Chvostek's, if worsen tetany & seizures. Irritability, confusion, psychosis |
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Term
| Hypermagnesemia (Mg > 2.1 mEq/L) |
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Definition
| Bradycardia, peripheral vasodilations, hypotension, EKG changes, drowsy, lethargic, coma, deep tendon reflexes are decreased, absent, weakness |
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Term
| Hypochloremia ( Cl < 98 mEq/L) |
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Definition
| hypoventilation, tetany, restlessness, confusion, convulsions, paresthsia of extremities |
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Term
| Hyperchloremia (Cl > 106 mEq/L) |
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Definition
| Hyperventilation, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, headache, lethargy |
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