Term
| Another name for Retinal Glial Cell Proliferation |
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Definition
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Term
| New treatment for Vitreoretinal Traction |
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Definition
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Term
| Epiretinal Membrane is best detected with a ________________ filter |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 things that can cause secondary Epiretinal Membranes |
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Definition
Retinal procedures (RD/PRP/Cryo)
Retinal Vascular Disease
Intraocular Inflammation
Trauma |
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Term
| Treatment of Epiretinal Membrane |
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Definition
| Vitrectomy and membrane peeling-only if VA significantly reduced |
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Term
| Risk of treating an Epiretinal Membrane |
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Definition
| May cause an even worse ERM |
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Term
| 4 Etiologies of Macular Holes |
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Definition
Idiopathic
Myopia
Trauma
Solar Retinopathy |
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Term
| Why is it rare to see a Stage 2 Macular hole |
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Definition
| It quickly progresses from Stage II to III |
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Term
| Describe a stage 2 macular hole |
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Definition
| An EARLY macular hole, yellow ring enlarges, tangential tear at one edge |
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Term
| Usual VA for a Stage III Macular Hole |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a stage 3 Macular Hole |
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Definition
Halo of RD surrounds hole
Round/punched out area
Yellow deposits at RPE in hole |
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Term
| Appearance of Macular Hole on FANG |
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Definition
| Hyperfluorescence in hole (RPE=window defect) |
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Term
| 2 Goals with treatment of macular hole |
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Definition
Stimulate glial cell proliferation/migration
Relieve vitreo-retinal traction |
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Term
| What causes a macular pseudohole |
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Definition
| Epiretinal Membrane causes appearance of a macular hole |
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Term
| Name another retinal condition that occurs in the same layers as CME |
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Definition
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Term
| Appearance of CME on FANG |
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Definition
| Petaloid hyperfluorescence |
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Term
CME WITH or WITHOUT vascular leakage when due to...
Diabetic Retinopathy |
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Definition
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Term
CME WITH or WITHOUT vascular leakage when due to….
BRVO |
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Definition
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Term
CME WITH or WITHOUT vascular leakage when due to…
Pseudophake/aphakia |
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Definition
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Term
CME WITH or WITHOUT vascular leakage when due to…
Idiopathic Retinal telangiectasia |
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Definition
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Term
CME WITH or WITHOUT vascular leakage when due to…
Retinitis Pigmentosa |
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Definition
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Term
CME WITH or WITHOUT vascular leakage when due to…
Early Macular Hole |
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Definition
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Term
CME WITH or WITHOUT vascular leakage when due to…
Nicotinic Acid Maculopathy |
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Definition
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Term
CME WITH or WITHOUT vascular leakage when due to…
Choroidal neo |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Treatment modes of CME (depends on cause) |
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Definition
Laser Photocoagulation, Vitrectomy
Systemic CAIs
Steroids/NSAIDs |
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Term
| Compare treatment of CME to just observation |
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Definition
| Same end result but resolution is much quicker with triamcinolone |
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Term
| Name 2 injections used to treat uveitic macular edema |
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Definition
| Avastin and Triamcinolone |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of vision loss with DM |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
CSME can occur on it's own without any other signs of DR |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of laser treatment of CSME |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition is likely to develop after panretinal treatment of CSME |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 forms of treatment of CSME |
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Definition
Laser
Anti-VEGF
Intra-Vitreal steroid |
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Term
| Conclusion of study that investigated effectiveness of Lucentis on DME |
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Definition
| Lucentis (ranibizumab) reduced DR progression and improved VAs |
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Term
| What type of retinopathy stereotypically occurs in young, type A males |
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Definition
| Central Serous Retinopathy |
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Term
| FANG appearance of Central Serous |
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Definition
| Smokestack or Umbrella hyperfluorescence |
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Term
| Visual symptoms of Central Serous |
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Definition
sudden VA reduction
relative scotoma
metamorphopsia
micropsia
impaired dark adaptation |
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Term
| Approx what proportion of Central Serous cases resolve on their own |
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Definition
80% resolve on their own within 1-6 mo
the remaining 20% generally within 1 year |
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Term
| 2 reasons why central serous retinopathy may have permanent visual disturbance |
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Definition
prolonged detachment
multiple, recurrent attacks |
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Term
| 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of focal laser photocoagulation in treating Central Serous |
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Definition
Adv-may speed up resolution by a few months
Disadv-does not improve visual outcome |
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Term
| Why might 'Micro-Pulse Diode Laser Therapy' be superior to anti-VEGF injections |
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Definition
| Micropulse creates less heat and therefore causes less sub-retinal fluid to form |
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Term
| Describe SRT (Selective Retina Therapy) |
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Definition
| New laser for CSR with PED that selectively treats RPE while sparing photoreceptors, causes outer b-r-b reconstruction |
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Term
| How is normal PDT therapy modified to treat CSR |
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Definition
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Term
| Breaks in Bruch's membrane due to Myopic Degeneration |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for secondary pigment proliferation from choroidal vessel growth |
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Definition
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Term
| Fuch's spots are associated with what type of degeneration |
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Definition
| Myopic Macular Degeneration |
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Term
| Patients with medical history of malaria, rheumatoid arthritis or lupus need to be examined for what type of retinopathy |
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Definition
| Antimalarial Maculopathy, ie chloroquine maculopathy |
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Term
| What cumulative dose of chloroquine increases risk of maculopathy |
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Definition
| 300g cumulative dose (250mg/day for 3 years) |
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Term
| Which has less risk, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine |
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Definition
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Term
| Antimalarials tend to concentrate on melanin-containing structures such as __________ and ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Antimalarials can cause corneal deposits that need to be monitored very closely |
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Definition
| False-they are relatively benign |
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Term
| 3 components of a baseline retinal evaluation of a patient starting anti-malarials |
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Definition
Visual Field 10-2
Dilation
AF, SD-OCT or mfERG |
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Term
What can cause this group of symptoms
VA loss
Fixed/dilated pupils
Retinal Edema
Attenuated arterioles
constricted VF
Optic atrophy |
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Definition
| Overdose of quinine, causes whats called cinchonism |
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Term
| 2 drugs used to treat schizophrenia or other psychoses that can also cause retinopathy |
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Definition
thioridazine
Chlorpromazine |
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Term
| What type of retinopathy can be caused by thioridazine or chlorpromazine |
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Definition
Salt and Pepper Maculopathy
Eventually Geographic atrophy with hyperpigmented clumps |
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Term
| Visual symptoms of Phenothiazine Maculopathy |
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Definition
Decreased VAs
Poor Dark adaptation |
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Term
| Describe Tamoxifen Maculopathy |
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Definition
| Multiple, superficial yellow crystalline ring-like deposits at macula |
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Term
| Effects of Tamoxifen other than maculopathy |
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Definition
Vortex Keratopathy
optic Neuritis |
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Term
| What is tamoxifen used to treat |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An Oral drug that enhances suntanning |
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Term
| Describe how Canthaxanthin can affect the retina |
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Definition
| causes maculopathy that looks like tiny, glistening yellow dots in donut shape around macula, in superficial retina |
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Term
| How might Talc Maculopathy appear different than Canthaxanthin? |
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Definition
| Talc scatters throughout posterior pole, Canthaxanthin concentrates around the macula |
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Term
| Other retinal manifestations of Talc maculopathy |
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Definition
Macular Edema
Venous Engorgment
Punctate/Flame hemes
Arterial Occlusion |
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Term
| If you discover Talc maculopathy, what other form of examination should you refer your patient for? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary consultation, cuz if there is lots in the eye, there is lots in the lungs and it may be compromising lung function |
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Term
| Approximately how long after sun exposure can solar maculopathy present |
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Definition
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Term
| What might you see on OCT of solar maculopathy |
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Definition
| very small lamellar hole or cyst on foveola |
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Term
| How does solar maculopathy tend to affect vision |
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Definition
| VAs normal, small central scotoma |
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Term
| Classic Triad of Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome |
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Definition
Histo spots
Peripapillary atrophy
CNVM |
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Term
| End result if Histoplasmosis Maculopathy is not treated |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatment of CNVM due to histo |
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Definition
Argon laser photocoagulation, best if >0.25DD from macula
or Visudyne |
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Term
| 3 serologic tests for Toxo |
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Definition
ELISA
Indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests
Hemoagglutination |
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Term
| Medical treatment of active toxo |
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Definition
Pyrimethamine
Sulfadiazine
Clindamycin, Atovaquone
Systemic Steroids |
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Term
| Appearance of angioid streaks on FA |
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Definition
| Hyperfluorescence of RPE 'window' defect over streaks |
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Term
| 3 findings associated with Angioid streaks |
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Definition
Peau d'orange/Leopard skin spotting
Salmon spots
Optic nerve drusen |
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Term
| 3 complications of angioid streaks |
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Definition
Choroidal rupture
Foveal involvement
choroidal Neo |
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Term
| 4 systemic associations of Angioid Streaks |
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Definition
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Paget's disease
Ehler's Danlos Syndrome
Hemoglobinopathies-sickle cell and thalassemia |
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Term
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Definition
Exudative AMD
Myopic Macular Degernation
Ocular Histoplasmosis
Angioid Streaks
Choroidal Rupture |
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Term
| Most important differential diagnosis of Choroidal Folds |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 causes of choroidal folds |
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Definition
Idiopathic
Orbital Disease (mass, thyroid)
choroidal tumor
Posterior Scleritis
Ocular Hypotony |
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Term
| Retinal folds are associated with Stage 3 of this condition |
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Definition
| Retinopathy of Prematurity |
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Term
| What is the mildest form of idiopathic retinal vascular anomaly? |
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Definition
| Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Retinal Telangiectasia |
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Term
| 3 forms of idiopathic retinal vascular anomaly, from mild to severe |
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Definition
Mild-IJRT
Leber's Miliary aneurysm
Coat's Disease-severe |
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Term
| Briefly describe 3 main types of IJRT |
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Definition
1) Mostly males, easily seen by Dr.
2) either gender, VA affected, FA helps
3) rarest, poor macula 02, CNS strokes |
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