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| What are the 4 macromolecules discussed and their monomers |
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Definition
1. Proteins (polypeptide)- Amino acid
2. Polysaccharides (carbs)- Monosaccharids (sugar)
3. Nucleic acid- nucleotide
4. lipids-nonpolar hydrocarbons |
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| ex 3-Phosphoglycerate -PO5 |
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| groups of atoms with specific chemical properties and consistent behavior; it confers those properties when attached to large molecules. makes one different from another |
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| two isomers that are mirror images of each other |
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| Molecules made up of the same kinds and numbers of atoms, in which the atoms are bonded differently |
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| organisms can obtain required macromolecules by eating other organisms |
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| water moving out/water being added |
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| Functions of proteins and examples |
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| Structural support, protection, defense, transport-protein channels, catalysis-enzymes, regulation-hormones, movement-muscle |
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| Why do proteins differ in function from one another |
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Definition
| there are different relative amounts of a protein |
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| Special cases of amino acids (3) |
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Definition
Cysteine-CH2SH-2
Glycine-H-1
Proline-ring |
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Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure |
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Definition
determines secondary and tertiary. *have meaning, changing the letter changes the protein. ex. floor-flour held together by peptide bond
*Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet (2+ polypeptide chains). both hydrogen bonds
*bending and folding (squiqqly 3-D shape)R groups-interact with proteins or enzymes |
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| How can proteins be denatured, and why are they sometimes able to be renatured |
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Definition
proteins can bind to the wrong ligands, denature, or misfold when formed.
go to "protein rehab" (chaperonins)-defected protein enters a cage where a lid seals the opening. The protein is "shook up" and allowed to correctly recoil. The lid is then taken off and the renatured protein is allowed back out into the body.
example: alzheimers |
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| proteins that help prevent denaturing...protein rehab |
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Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides |
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Definition
1. simple sugars-glucose, fructose, ribose
2. two simple sugars linked by covalent bonds-maltose, lactose, sucrose
3. three to 20 monosaccharides-blood
4. hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides-starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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alpha-H above
beta-H below
*whichever comes first in linkage determines the linkage name |
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| Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen |
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Definition
| stable-good for structural components-plant cell walls-most abundant on Earth, storage of glucose in plants-binds H2O, store glucose in animals-muscle cells |
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| Two modifications of sugars and what they're used for |
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Definition
Sugar phosphates-energy reactions (glycolysis)
Amino sugars-cartilage |
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| Lipids: types,tri & phospho, sat & unsat, trans & sis |
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| Fat-oil-phospho-carotenoids-steroids-vitamins-waxes, 3-hydrophil head phob tails, sat-no doub -- unsat-some doub, sis ^ (same side)- trans / (opp side) |
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| CG AT, CG AU, 3 parts 1. sugar 2. phosphate 3. nitrogen-containing base |
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