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the recognized violation of cultural norms
(norm violations ranging from minor infractions, such as bad manners, to major infractions, such as serious violence) |
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| the violation of a society’s formally enacted criminal law |
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| attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior |
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| the organizations (police, courts, & prison officials) that respond to alleged violations of the law |
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Term
| What are the biological theories of deviance? |
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Definition
explain human behavior as the result of biological instincts
criminals have apelike physical traits/body types/genetics - Lombroso
(focus on individual abnormality) |
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| What are the psychological theories of deviance? |
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Definition
see deviance as the result of “unsuccessful socialization”
containment theory links delinquency to weak conscience - Reckless & Dinitz
(focus on individual abnormality) |
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| the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions |
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| a powerfully negative label that greatly changers a person’s self-concept and social identity |
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| medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
| the transformation of moral and legal defiance into a medical condition |
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Term
| Durkheim claimed that deviance is a normal element of society that... |
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Definition
-affirms cultural norms and values
-clarifies moral boundaries
-brings people together
-encourages social change |
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| Merton’s strain theory explains deviance in terms of... |
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Definition
a society’s cultural goals and the means available to achieve them
(structural-functional theory) |
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| Sutherland’s differential association theory links deviance to how much... |
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Definition
| others encourage or discourage such behavior. |
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| Hirschi’s control theory states that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often... |
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Definition
| discourages such behavior. |
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| crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations |
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| the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf |
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| a business supplying illegal goods or services |
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| criminal act against a person or a person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias |
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| crimes against the person |
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| crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others; also known as violent crimes |
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| crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others; also known as property crimes |
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| violations of law in which there are no obvious victims |
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| a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant’s guilty plea |
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| an act or moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime |
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| the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment |
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| a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses |
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| rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution |
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| later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes |
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| community-based corrections |
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| correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls |
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Term
| What are the 4 justifications for punishments? |
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Definition
-retribution
-deterrence
-rehabilitation
-societal protection |
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