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MA Test 3 Material
Respiratory and Renal
15
Medical
Graduate
03/17/2009

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
General Composition of Respiratory System
Definition
Air conduction portion
  • nasal cavities, associated paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
 Respiratory portion
  • bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
  • gas exchange

Term
What separates the two nasal cavities, and what does each cavity contain?
Definition
The septum separates both nasal cavities, which consist of the vestibule and respiratory region
Term
What is the vestibule and what kind of cells line its surface?
Definition

air enters the vestibule after passing through the naris or nostril

 

it is lined by stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) on external portion, and stratified squamous non-keratinized on internal portion

Term
What type of lining does the respiratory region contain?
Definition

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells

 

also contains seromucous cells

 

lamina propria is rich in superficial venous plexus

Term

What is the lining of the nasopharynx?

 

What are some features of the nasopharynx?

Definition

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

 

Adenoids 

 

Eustachian tubes open into the nasopharynx

Term
What is Waldeyer's Ring?
Definition
It is the abundant mucosa associated lymphoid tissue located deep to the nasopharynx epithelium
Term
What are four types of cells found in the Olfactory epithelium?
Definition
1. basal cells - mitotically active and produce immature olfactory neurons
 
2. differentiating olfactory neurons - arise from the basal cells; proliferate during adult life; diffferentiate into mature olfactory neurons
 
3. mature olfactory neurons (bipolar) - highly polarized, apical region directed toward mucosal lining and possesses 10-20 modified cilia; axon forms at its basal region; axons pass through cribriform plate to synapse on cells of the olfactory bulb
 
4. sustentacular cells - supporting
Term

What is the olfactory gland (of Bowman) and where is it located?

 

Does it have immune function?

Definition

It secretes serous fluid containing odorant-binding protein (OBP), which carries odorants to receptors on the modified cilia

 

The serous fluid it secretes also contains lysozyme and IGA for immune functioning

 

It is located deep to the epithelium

Term

What type of cells line the larynx?

 

What is the larynx rich in that would contribute to allergic reactions?

Definition

stratified squamous epithelium covers the lingual aspects of the epiglottis and true vocal cords

 

the remainder of the larynx is covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar type epithelium containing goblet cells

 

Important note: except on the true vocal cords, the lamina propria contains numerous seromucous glands and mast cells; the mast cells are clinically relevant because they particpate in hypersensitivity reactions

Term
What type of cells line the trachea and bronchi?
Definition

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

 

Identifiable cell types include columnar ciliated cells, basal cells, and goblet cells

 

Elastic fibers are present in the lamina propria

 

Submucosa contains mucous and serous glands

Term
What are the cell types (5) found in the trachea and bronchi?  (some were mentioned on previous card)
Definition

1. Ciliated columnar cells

2. Basal cells - stem cell population giving rise to other cell types listed

3. Intermediate cells - stem cells in process of differentiation

4. Goblet cells - most numerous in mainstem and lobar bronchi

5. Neuroendocrine cells - located on basement membrane; clear cytoplasm and dark nuclei; most numerous in smaller bronchi and fetal bronchi

Term
What types of cells can be found in the submucosa of the bronchial tree?
Definition
smooth muscle, seromucous glands, collagen, elastic fibers, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Term

Where are clara cells present?

 

What are they?

Definition

They are present and most numerous in the terminal bronchioles. 

 

They are non-ciliated and do not produce mucous

Term
What are some characteristics of alveoli?
Definition

150-400 million per lung

 

open into either an alveolar duct or an alveolar sac

 

thin walled, containing pulomonary capillaries, basement membrane, Type I and II pneumocytes

 

Pores of Kohn provide direct communication between adjacent alveoli

Term
Type I vs. Type II pneumocytes?
Definition

Type I: form 90% of alveolar surface

 

Type II: more abundant in cell number, but make up only 10% of alveolar surface

 

Type II appear rounded, whereas Type I do not.

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