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| Which theory has been most severely criticized for offering after-the-fact explanations without advancing testable predictions? |
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| Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to emphasize the importance of |
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| Neo-Freudians placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development. |
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| According to Freud, a fixation involves the focus of one's energies on |
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| an earlier psychosexual stage |
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| Freud referred to the remembered story line of a dream as its |
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| Which defense mechanism involves expressing feelings that are the exact opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings? |
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| Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the ego disguises threatening impulses and reduces anxiety by means of |
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| According to Freud, boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother during the ________ stage. |
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| Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires, he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body. According to psychoanalytic theory, Eduardo's thinking best illustrates |
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| A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of |
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| Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to |
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| Survivors of traumatic events, such as rape or torture, are often haunted by persistent and vivid memories of this experience. This most clearly serves to challenge Freud's concept of |
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| The pleasure principle is to the ________ as the reality principle is to the ________. |
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| According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for |
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| Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patients' symptoms? |
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| Maslow studied healthy creative people to investigate |
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| Psychodynamic theorists emphasize the importance of |
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| unconscious mental processes |
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| Mario doesn't feel very positive about himself because he often fails to measure up to his unrealistically high performance aspirations. Mario's predicament is most clearly addressed by an assessment strategy utilized by |
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| Compared with Freud, contemporary research psychologists are LESS likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving |
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| Roberta has a secure sense of her own identity and is strongly motivated to develop her unique talents and interests so as to achieve her full potential. According to Abraham Maslow, Roberta exemplifies |
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| a self-actualizing person |
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| Humanistic psychologists were especially interested in assessing an individual's |
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| Unconsciously motivated by miserliness, Mr. Rioja refused his son's request for money to buy the books he needs for school. In defending his actions, Mr. Rioja explained that “parental financial aid prevents teenagers from developing into mature, independent adults.” Mr. Rioja's explanation is an example of |
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| Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding, Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers. Fred's comments illustrate most clearly the defense mechanism of |
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| While attending college, Saeb impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on “wine, women, and song.” Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n) |
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| Neo-Freudians placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development. |
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| Byron is always looking to others for advice, approval, and affection. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, Byron is most likely fixated at the ________ stage. |
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| Coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development is called |
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| Freud suggested that pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various |
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| According to Freud's theory, the ego |
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| is the executive part of personality |
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| People who break speed limits tend to think that many others do the same. This best illustrates |
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| the false consensus effect |
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| According to Freud, what psychologists now call our gender identity develops most rapidly during the ________ stage. |
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| Denial is a defense mechanism that involves |
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| refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities |
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| According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious |
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| contains archetypes derived from our species' universal experiences |
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| According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by |
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| Morris is hostile, aggressive, and socially destructive. According to Carl Rogers, this behavior pattern results from |
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| his growth-inhibiting environment |
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| Rogers' and Maslow's emphasis on developing human strengths laid the groundwork for today's |
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| Displacement refers to the process by which people |
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| redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets |
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| Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders? |
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| Boris does not like chemistry, but he has chosen it as his college major simply to prove that he is just as smart as his father, who is an outstanding chemist. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Boris suffers from an unresolved |
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| According to Freud, the most important erogenous zone during earliest infancy consists of the |
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| Who proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs? |
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| According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of |
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| Prior to his use of free association, Freud unsuccessfully tried to make use of |
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| Freud indicated that defense mechanisms |
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| reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| The belief that some distressing physical symptoms made no neurological sense contributed most directly to |
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| Freud's interest in unconscious conflicts |
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| A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called |
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| The implicit memories that operate even among those with amnesia best illustrate the importance of |
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| Personality is best defined as an individual's |
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| characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of |
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| Which neo-Freudian introduced the concept of an inferiority complex? |
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| Although Garth wants to have sex with his girlfriend, he also wants to avoid premarital sex. Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's |
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| Lamont has frequently been rebellious, inconsiderate, and self-centered, yet the pastor of his local church has always accepted and respected him. The pastor's attitude toward Lamont is most explicitly recommended by |
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| Katrinka habitually makes nasty, hostile comments about her teachers. Freud would have suggested that her behavior illustrates the powerful influence of the |
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| Ingrid is a married woman who pursues sexual gratification by means of kissing rather than through sexual intercourse. According to Freud, this illustrates a(n) |
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| Four-year-old John is very competitive with his father in trying to gain more attention from his mother. Freud would have suggested that John is going through the ________ stage of development. |
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| Which personality theory emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization? |
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| Free association is a method designed to |
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| Freud suggested that in the process of development, people pass through |
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a latency stage before they enter a genital stage.
(Owls Always Play Late Games) |
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| Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success? |
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| Freud emphasized that effective treatment of psychological disorders involves the |
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| exploration of repressed memories |
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| According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and |
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| Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive |
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| Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Rona was most likely responding to a(n) ________ test. |
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| Twelve-year-old Cawley demonstrates a strongly masculine sense of self-identity even though he was raised without a father or father substitute. This fact represents the most serious threat to ________ theory of personality. |
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| The image of an iceberg is frequently used to illustrate ________ idea of the mind's structure. |
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| Freud suggested that a man's inability to remember his childhood Oedipus complex illustrates |
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| Freud suggested that the superego strengthens through the process of |
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| Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are especially likely to |
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