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| collect and carry away excess fluid from interstitial spaces of peripheral tissues to rejoin the bloodstream. |
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interstitial fluid which drains into lymphatic capillaries, as extra tissue fluid
watery fluid similar to interstitial fluid |
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Lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymphatic trunk
lymphatic ducts |
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begin as closed ended one way vessels in interstitial fluid
located close to vascular capillaries
single layer of squamous epithelial cells |
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begin as closed ended one way vessels in interstitial fluid
located close to vascular capillaries
single layer of squamous epithelial cells |
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begin as closed ended one way vessels in interstitial fluid
located close to vascular capillaries
single layer of squamous epithelial cells |
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begin as closed ended one way vessels in interstitial fluid
located close to vascular capillaries
single layer of squamous epithelial cells |
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| Lymph are not in these locations |
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CNS
Bone Marrow
cornea
Cartilage
epithelial tissue |
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| specialized lymphatic capillaries in villi of small intestine; transport lipids |
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| lymphatic vessels found throught body except |
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Avascular tissues
Central nervous system
splenic pulp
bone marrow |
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| intestinal and mesentric lymph nodes |
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| drains into the right lymphatic duct from the right thoracic cavity and lungs |
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| drains into the right lymphatic duct from the right arm |
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| drains into the right lymphatic duct from the right side of head, arm, chest. |
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| start of throracic duct-dilated |
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| Right and left lumbar trunk |
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| drains from lower limbs, abdominal wall, wall and viscera of pelvis, Kidneys, adrenal glands |
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| drains from stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, part of liver |
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| neck drains into the Thoracic duct |
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| via left jugular trunk, left subclavian, left bronchomediastinal trunks. |
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| Innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms first line of defense |
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skin
mucous membranes
secretionsof skin and mucous membranes |
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innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms
second lineof defense |
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phagocytic cells
natural killer cells
antimicrobial proteins
inflammatory response |
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Adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms
third line of defense |
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lymphocytes
antibodies
macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells |
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| Lymphocyte that resides in the lymphe nodes, spleen, or other lymphoid tissues where it is induced to rplicate by antigen-binging and helper T cell interactions; its prgeny (clone members) form plasma cells and memory cells |
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| Antibody-producing "machine"; produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin); represents further specialization of B cell clone descendants |
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| A T cell that binds with a specific antigen presented by and APC; it stimulates the production of other immune cells (cytotoxic T cells and B cells) to help fight the invader; acts both directly and indirectly by releasing cytokines |
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| Also called a Killer T cell; activity enhanced by helper T cells; its specialty is killing virus-invaded obdy cells, as well as body cells that have become cancerous; involved in graft rejection |
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| slows or stops the activity of B and T cells once the infection (or attack by foreign cells) has been conquered. Thought to be important in preventing autoimmune diseases |
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| descendant of an activated B cell or T cell; generated during the initial immune response (primary respnse); may exist in the body for years thereafter, enabling it ti respond quickly and efficiently to susequent infections or meetings with the same antigen |
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| antigen-presenting cell (APC) |
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| Any of several cell types (macrophage, dendritic cell, B cell) that engulfs and digests antigens that it encounters and presents parts of them on its plasma memebrand for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the smae antigen; this function, antigen presentation, is essential for normal cell-mediated responses. Macrophages and dendritic cells also release chemicals (cytokines) that activate many other immune cells |
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| forms mechanical barrier that prevents entery of pathogens and other harmful substances into the body |
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| skin secretions make epidermal survce acidic, which inhibits bacterial growth; sebum also contains bacteria-killing chemicals |
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| provides reissitance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes |
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| from mechnaical barrier that prevents entry of pathogens |
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| traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts |
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| filter and trap microorganisms in nasal passages |
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| propel debris-laden mucus away from lower repiratory passages |
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| contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and prtein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach |
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| inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract |
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| lacrimal secretion (tears); saliva |
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| continuously lubricate and cleanse eyes (tears) and oral cavity (saliva); contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys microorganisms |
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second line of defense
engulf and destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers; macrophages also contribute to immune response |
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second line of defense
promote cell lysis by direct cell attack against virus-infected or cancerous body cells; do not depend on specific antigen recognition. |
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second line of defense
prevents spread of injurious agents to adjacent tissues, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells, and promotes tissue repair; releases chemical mediators that attract phagocytes (and immune cells) to the area |
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second line of defense
systemic response triggered by pyrogens; high body temperature inhibits multiplication of bacteria and enhances body repair processes. |
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second line of defense
antimicrobial chemical
group of plasma proteins that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization, and intesifies inflammatory response |
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second line of defense
antimicrobial chemical
proteins released by virus-infected cells that protect uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover; mobilize immune system |
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second line of defense
antimicrobial chemical
normally acid pH inhibits bacterial growth; urine cleanses the lower urinary tract as it flushes from the body |
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antigen specific
systemic
has a memory |
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adaptive defense
recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances |
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| systemic adaptive defense |
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| immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site |
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| recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens |
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any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.
large complex molecules |
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| crucial cells of the adaptive system |
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Lymphocytes
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) |
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| produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity |
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non-antibody producing
cell-mediated |
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| capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface |
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dendritic cells (present in connective tissues and in the epidermis,also called langerhans)
Macrophages
B lymphocytes |
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