Term
| What enzyme type breaks down proteins in the GI tract? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do proteolytic enzymes break proteins down into? |
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Definition
| Amino acids and oligopeptides |
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Term
| What breaks down oligopeptides further? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do aminopeptidases break oligopeptides into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What now happens to Di/Tri-peptides |
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Definition
| Broken down further by peptidases into amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lumen of GI tract and intestinal cell |
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Term
| What tags proteins for degredation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to a ubiquitinated protein? |
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Definition
| It is broken down by a proteasome into peptide fragments and ubiquitin |
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Term
| What process turns peptide fragments into amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the fates of the amino acids from protein degredation? (3) |
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Definition
1. Left intact for biosynthesis
2. Carbon skeleton produced
3. Amine group removed |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Glucose/glycogen synthesis
2. Cellular respiration
3. FA synthesis |
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Term
| What process removes the amine group from amino acids? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the initial acceptor for NH4? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| First stage in oxidative degredation? |
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Definition
| Amine group is removed from the amino acid |
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Term
| Which enzyme removes the amine group from the amino acid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the amine group transferred to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What enzyme then acts on glutamate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is NAD+ required for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens after NH4 has been removed? |
|
Definition
| Alpha-ketoglutarate is reformed |
|
|
Term
| What is the fate of the released NH4? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pyroxidine commonly known as? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does pyroxidine play in oxidative degredation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the first step of the urea cycle called the committed step |
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Definition
| It is where the urea cycle is regulated |
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|
Term
| What is produced during the committed step? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to produce carbamoyl phosphate? |
|
Definition
| Bicarbonate (from CO2) and NH3 |
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|
Term
| What provides the energy for the committed step? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the committed step take place? |
|
Definition
| In the mitochondrial matrix |
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|
Term
| What molecule positively regulates the committed step? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does carbamoyl phosphate combine with in the urea cycle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does citrulline combine with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two molecules provide nitrogen atoms? |
|
Definition
| Carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate |
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|
Term
| What provides energy for the addition of citrulline and aspartate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does citurlline and aspartate combining using ATP produce? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does argininosuccincate give off? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the destination of fumarate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced when argninosuccinate gives off fumarate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What combines with arginine next? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical formula for urea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nitrogen molecules in urea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can metabolic integration occur with the urea cycle? |
|
Definition
| Fumarate produced can enter the TCA cycle. Oxaloacetate can produce aspartate which enters the urea cycle |
|
|
Term
| Net formula for the urea cycle |
|
Definition
| CO2 + NH4 + 2H2O + Aspartate --> Fumarate + Urea |
|
|
Term
| Net energy formula for the urea cycle |
|
Definition
| 3ATP --> 2ADP + AMP + PPi + Pi |
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|
Term
| Cause of inborn errors of urea cycle |
|
Definition
| Genetic deficiency in each enzyme of the urea cycle |
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|
Term
| Most common enzyme deficiency for the urea cycle |
|
Definition
| Ornithine transcabamoylase |
|
|
Term
| What do urea cycle enzyme deficiencies cause? |
|
Definition
| A failure to synthesis urea leading to ammonia toxicity |
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|
Term
| What other disease can ammonia toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can urea cycle failure be treated? |
|
Definition
| Glycine and glutamine can be eliminated by simple pharamaceuticals |
|
|
Term
| Two types of amino acid skeletons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fate of glucogenic amino acids |
|
Definition
| Gluconeogenesis/FA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Fate of ketogenic amino acids |
|
Definition
| alternative fuel source during starvation |
|
|
Term
| What can some amino acids be? |
|
Definition
| Both glucogenic and ketogenic |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid is purely ketogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of amino acid is phenylalanine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is phenylalanaine eventually converted to? |
|
Definition
| Fumarate and Acetoacetate |
|
|
Term
| What is phenylalanine first converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts phenylalanine to tyrosine? |
|
Definition
| A phenylalanine hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during phenylketonuria? (4) |
|
Definition
1. Phenylalanine not converted to tyrosine
2. Phenylpyruvate produces instead
3. Alpha-amino acid produced instead
4. Blood pH drops due to Alpha-amino acid |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids as precursors (4) |
|
Definition
1. Nucleic acids
2. Hormones
3. Neurotransmitters
4. Co-factors |
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