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Definition
| A bound (nonword) morpheme that changes the meaning or fuction of a root or stem to which it is attached, as the prefix ad- and the suffix -ing in adjoining. |
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Definition
| The assumption underlying alphabetic writing systems that each speech sound or phoneme of a language should have its own distinctive graphic representation |
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| A whole-to-part approach to word study in which the student is first taught a number of sight words and then relevant phonic generalizations, which are subsequently applied to other words; deductive phonics |
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| Fluent processing of information that requires little effort or attention, as sight-word recognition |
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| Definition found under print awareness which in emergent literacy is a learner's growing recognition of conventions and characteristics of a written language. Print awareness includes such features as the recognition of directionality in reading text (left to right), that print in the form of words corresponds to speech, that white space marks the boundaries of printed words, etc. |
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Definition
1. A speech sound made by partial or complete closure of part of the vocal tract, which obstructs air flow and causes audible friction in varying amounts.
2. An alphabet letter used in representing any of these sounds |
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| Consonant Blend (Consonant Cluster) |
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Definition
| In a syllable, a sequence of two or more distinguishable consonant sounds before or after a vowel sound, as /skr/ and /mz/ in screams. Note: The term refers only to sounds, not to letters representing sounds |
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Definition
| A combination of two consonant letters representing a single speech sound, as gn for /n/ in gnat, or gh for /f/ in rough |
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Definition
| Consonant-vowel-consonant pattern which produces a short vowel sound or closed syllable |
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Definition
| Consonant-vowel pattern which produces a long vowel sound or an open syllable |
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Definition
| Vowel-consonant-final e pattern which produces a long vowel sound |
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Definition
| Consonant-double vowel-consonant pattern which produces a long sound of the first vowel |
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Term
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Definition
| To analyze spoken or graphic symbols of a familiar language to ascertain their intended meaning. Note: To learn to read, one must learn the conventional code in which something is written in order to decode the written message. In reading practice, the term is used primarily to refer to word identification rather than to identification of higher units of meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. A vowel sound produced when the tongue moves or glides from one vowel sound toward another vowel or semivowel sound in the same syllables, as /i/ in buy and the vowel sounds in bee, bay, boo, boy and bough. 2. A graphic symbol of two adjacent letters in brackets used in phonetics to represent dipthongs, as [ay] |
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Term
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Definition
| Providing phonics instruction while using whole text or passages. Children begin with the use of whole texts involving shared literacy activities with an adult and move to the identification of phrases and words and the examination of word parts. Emphasis on meaning is maintained even as children examine word parts, because the purpose is to help them see the patterns in the language so they can apply the knowledge to new situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of the association of print with meaning that begins early in child's life and continues until the child reaches the stage of conventional reading and writing; "the reading and writing concepts and behaviors of young children tat precede and develop into conventional literacy" |
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Definition
| Carefully organized systematic instruction. Step-by-step instruction given in small increments with detailed explanation of concepts or skills. |
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Definition
1. The clear, easy, written or spoken expression of ideas
2. Freedom from word-identification problems that might hinder comprehension in silent reading or the expression of ideas in oral reading; automaticity
3. The ability to produce words or larger language units in a limited time interval. Note: this type of fluency is often tested in a comprehensive reading diagnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A written or printed representation of a phoneme, a b for /b/ and oy for /oi/ in boy. Note: in English, a grapheme may be a single letter or a group of letters. It includes all the ways in which the phoneme may be written or printed |
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Definition
| A word that appears many more times than most other words in spoken or written language. Note: basic word lists generally provide words ranked in order of their frequency of occurrence as calculated from a sample of written or spoken text suitable for the level of intended use. |
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Definition
| A word with the same spelling as another word, whether or not pronounced alike, as pen (writing instrument) vs. pen (an enclosure) |
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Definition
| Students are expected to infer sound-symbol relationships or concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of instruction would fall under the definition of systematic phonics where instruction is given a part-to-whole apprach. Students learn the sounds, represented by letters and letter combinations, blend these sounds to pronounce words, and finally identify which phonic generalizations apply |
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Term
| Language Experience Approach (LEA) |
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Definition
1. An approach to language learning in which students' oral compositions are transcribed and used as materials of instruction for reading, writing, speaking, and listening; experience approach.
2. A curriculum that emphasizes the interrelationship of such modes of language experience |
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Definition
| A meaningful linguistic unit that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful elements, as the word book, or that is a component of a word, as s in books |
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Definition
| The study of stucture and forms of words including derivation, inflection, and compounding |
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Definition
| The part of a syllable preceding the syllable peak or nucleus; normally, the consonants preceding the vowel of a syllable, as str in strip |
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Definition
| A syllable ending in a vowel sound rather than a consonant sound, as /ba/ and /be/ in baby |
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Definition
| The study of the nature and use of symbols in a writing system |
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Definition
| A minimal sound unit of speech that, when contrasted with another phoneme, affects the meaning of words in a language, a /b/ in book contrasts with /t/ in took and /k/ in cook. Note: the phoneme is an abstract concept manifested in actual speech as a phonetic variant, as the allophones of the phoneme /t/ in top, stop, pot |
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Term
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Definition
| The awareness of the sounds (phonemes) that make up spken words. Such awareness does not appear when young children learn to talk; the ability is not necessary for speaking and understanding spoken language. However, phonemic awareness is important for learning to read. In alphabetic languages, letters (ad letter clusters) represent phonemes, and in order to learn the correspondences between letters and sounds, one must have some understanding of the notion that words are made up of phonemes |
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Term
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Definition
| A way of teaching reading and spelling that stresses symbol-sound relationships, used especially in beginning instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of the consituent sounds of words in learning to read and spell. Note: the constituents of words can be distinguished in three ways (by syllables, by onsets/rimes, and by phonemes) |
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Term
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Definition
| In linguistics, the study of the choices of language people make in social interaction and of the effects of these choices on others. Note: pragmatics overlaps with and draws upon other fields of linguistic inquiry, e.g., stylistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. |
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Definition
| An affix attached before a base word or root, as re- in reprint |
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Term
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Definition
1. To change information from one code into another, as writing into speech. Note: no necessary assumption about meaning is made in this process
2. To identify, relate and then combine, or chunk, two or more symbols, as recode 3 and 9 into 39, presumably into long-term memory |
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Definition
| A method to increase reading fluency where students reread familiar passages repeatedly. This can be done with a partner or even with a tape recorder. |
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Definition
| The modified sound of a vowel immediately preceding /r/ in the same syllable, as in care, never, or, etc. |
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Definition
| A vowel and any following consonants of a syllable, as /ook/ in book or brook, /ik/ in strike |
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Term
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Definition
1.The basic part of a word that usually carries the main component of meaning and that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity.
2. In a complex word, the meaningful base from after all affixes are removed. Note: a root may be independent, or free, as read in unreadable, or may be dependent or bound, as -liter (meaning letter) in illiterate |
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Term
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Definition
1. In English, the midcentral vowel in an unaccented or unstressed syllable; as the first vowel sound in alone
2. The graphic symbol (upside-down e) commonly used in phonetic alphabets and pronunciation keys to represent such a vowel |
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