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-segments of DNA located on chromosomes
-determine inheritable traits among individuals within a species |
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- molecule of heredity
- contain genetic info |
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-Bacteria eater
-infects only bacteria
-Simple virus composed of DNA&Protein Coat |
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| Bacteriophage characteristics |
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| -Injects DNA into bacteria |
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| -phosphate group, deoxyribose, and nitrogen containing base |
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| Pauling Discoveries (40s and 50s) |
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| proteins coils in single strand helices |
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| Wilkson and franklin discoveries 40s and 50s |
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| DNA is long and thing, helical and twisted |
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| watson and crick discoveries |
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| two strands of dna bonded together |
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| 10 nucleotide stretch f DNA |
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| > one million possibilities |
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| Process in which DNA copies are synthesized |
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| sections of seperated and unwound DNA helix |
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| junction between seperated strands and intact helix |
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| fragments joined together to form one continuous daughter strand |
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| change in DNA based sequence |
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| Mutations due to nucleotides |
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| Point mutations, insertion, and deletion |
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| mutations due to rearrangement of DNA |
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| translocation and inversion |
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| 1 or more base pairs inserted/added to DNA |
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| 1 or more base pairs removed from DNA |
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| Pieces of DNA cut out, turned around or reinserted |
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| pieces of DNA removed from one chromosome and added to another |
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| carries amino acid sequence code from DAN to ribosomes |
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| structural component of ribosomal subunit |
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| delivers amino acids to ribosome for synthesis |
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| polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
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| 3 nucleotide sequence(uses mRNA's nucleotides) |
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| AUG tells ribosomes where protein info begins |
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| UAA UAG UGA, tells ribosomes to release mRNA |
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| consists of 50 nucleotides. signals RNA polymerase to begin mRNA |
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| sequence usually ends with AATAAA |
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| do not encode for proteins |
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| Due to inversion mutation |
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| alters DNA reading, amino acid sequence changed, different protein created |
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| Protein function unchanged in Point Mutation |
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| Protein function changed can result in |
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| cluster of genes located on DNA |
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| regulates the operons expression |
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| controls access of RNA polymerase to genes |
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| genes encoding for proteins |
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| Do Eukaryotes have operons? |
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| use and alteration of organisms, cells, and biologicall molecules to produce food and drugs |
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| altering of genetic material by adding, deleting, or changing genes |
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| DNA altered to contain genes from different organisms |
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| any carrier that introduces foreign DNA into cell |
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| contain DNA from other species |
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| small circular DNA molecules in bacteria |
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| makes billions of copies of DNA segments |
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| Agricultural Biotechnology |
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| genetically modified crops |
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| Biotechnology in Medicine |
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| restriction fragment legth polymorphinism |
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| change over time in the characteristics of a population |
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| natural Selcetion drives a species to |
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| adapt, survive and reproduce |
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| preserved remains of living organisms |
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important link between dinosaurs and birds
- reptile and bird characterisitics |
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| simpler than younger ones |
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| organisms evolved by inheriting acquired characteristics |
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| individual members of a population differ from one another |
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| Traits are passed from parent to offspring |
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| Some individuals fail to survive and reproduce |
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| Survival and reproduction are not determine by chance |
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| population over time, not individuals! |
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| similarities due to ancestors/origins |
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| structure with similar internal anatomy |
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| sturctures similar in appearance and function |
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| unrelated organisms both evolving due to similar environment |
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| breeding for desired characteristics |
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| total of genes present in a population |
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| relative allele proportion to each gene |
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| movement of alleles in/out of population |
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| changes in gene pool of small poplulations by chance |
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| population reduced due to catastrophic event |
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| isolated colonies are founded by a small number of organisms |
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| selecting mates similar to themselves |
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| a few mates father all offspring |
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| sexual reproduction between closely related organisms |
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| characteristics that help individuals survive |
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| mutual evolution between 2 species that act as natural selection between one another |
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| predator-prey relationship |
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| selection based on mates of certain traits |
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| favor one extreme of a phenotype, selects against opposite and average |
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| favors average, selectsagainst extreme |
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| favors both extremes, selects against average |
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