Term
Conclusion indicators
[logical reasoning] |
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Definition
thus
Therefore
Hence
Consequently
As a result
So
Accordingly
Clearly
Must be that
Shows that
Follows that
for this reason |
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Term
| Answer choices in logical reasoning- uniqueness rule |
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Definition
*quality of correct answer: MUST be true... Quality of four incorrect answers- not necessarily true or never the case
*quality of correct answer- strengthens... Quality of four incorrect answers- does not strengthen, weakens or neutral.
*quality of correct answer- weaken... Quality of incorrect answers- not weaken, neutral or strengthen |
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Term
Determining if argument is strong or weak
(Logical reasoning) |
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Definition
Consider logical relationships of all pieces of argument
Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises?
If the conclusion goes beyond the scope of the information in the premises, it is weak.
How persuasive is the argument?
Do the given facts support the conclusion? |
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Term
Premise / counter premise indicators
(Logical reasoning) |
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Definition
Premise- since
Because
For / for example
In that
Given that
Due to
We know this by
Furthermore
Moreover
*counterpremise indicators
But
Yet
However
Although
Still
WheReas |
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Term
Determining the conclusion
(Logical reasoning) |
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Definition
| Take the statements that you think might be conclusion, place them in an order that forces one to be the conclusion and the others to be the premise. Do the pieces make logical sense when arranged? If not, reverse arrangement and assess again. |
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Term
| Complex arguments. "ladder" (logical reasoning) |
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Definition
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Term
| First three primary objectives when reading logical reasoning stimuli |
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Definition
1 does the stimulus contain an argument? Or is it only a set of factual statements?
2 if it contains an argument, ID conclusion. If it contains a fact set set, examine each fact .
3 there is an argument… Is it strong or weak? |
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Term
Question family one: PROOVE
Question types: LOGICAL REASONING |
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Definition
*Must be true, main point, point at issue, method of reasoning, flaw in reasoning, parallel reasoning.
***Use info in stimulus to prove one of the answer choices MUST be true.
*If an answer choice references something not encompassed by The stimulus, it WILL be wrong
*RULES FOR FIRST FAMILY.
rule one… You must accept the stimulus even if contains an error of reasoning and you must use it to prove one of the choices MUST be true.
Rule 2... Any info in an answer choice that does not appear either directly or indirectly in the stimulus WILL BE wrong. |
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Term
| Question family two: HELP* |
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Definition
*Assumption, justify conclusion, strengthen, resolve paradox
*accept answer choices as given and the stimulus as under suspicion.
*You CANNOT dispute factual basis of the answer choices EVEN if they provide new info from the stimulus
*Info in stimulus is suspect. Reasoning errors and you help fill in holes in reasoning or eliminate the error
*Answer choices are excepted as given even with new info… Determine ANSWER BEST meets the question posed in the stem. |
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Term
Third question family
HURT: WEAKEN qs
LOGICAL REASONING |
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Definition
Attack The authors argument OPPOSITE of family Number two
Rules
rule number one: information in the stimulus is suspect..Errors in reasoning; your J0B is to further weaken the argument.
answer choices are acCEPTED as given– Your task is to determine which answer best attacks argument. |
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Term
| Fourth question family... DI SPROVE... CANNOT BE TRUE question type |
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Definition
Use the information in the stimulus to prove that one answer choice cannot be true or cannot occur
If an answer choice contains information that does not appear directly in the stimulus, then it could be true and is incorrect
Correct answer will directly disagree with the stimulus |
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Term
| Primary objective six in logical reasoning |
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Definition
Pre-phrase
After reading the question stem, take a moment to mentally formulate and anticipate the answer to the question |
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Term
| CANNOT BE TRUE question type – logicalreasoning |
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Definition
| identify the answer choice that either cannot be true or is most WEAKENED |
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Term
| evaluate. The argument question type – logical reasoning |
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Definition
| Determine the logical validity of the argument |
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Term
| Parallel reasoning question type |
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Definition
| What answer choice has reasoning most similar to reasoning in stimulus |
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Term
| Flaws in reasoning question type |
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Definition
| in abstract terms, describe the authors mistake in reasonIng |
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Term
| Method of reasoning question type |
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Definition
| describe the methodology of the argument |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Resolve the paradox question type |
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Definition
| Always contains a discrepancy\or a contradiction. Find the answer that resolves the contradiction |
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Term
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Definition
| provides evidence for the argument/strengthen the argument |
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Term
| Justify the conclusion question type |
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Definition
| A piece of info that when added to the premise proves the conclusion. |
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Term
| POINT. At issue question type |
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Definition
| Identify a point of contention between two speakers |
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Term
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Definition
| Identify an assumption required by the argument |
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