Term
|
Definition
| Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Sensory Receptors; fast-acting control system; responds to both internal and external things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows manipulation of environment; locomotion; facial expression; posture; produces heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glands produce hormones for: nutrient use, growth, reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports blood through vessels; carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste; pumped by heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes); mounts attacks against foreign substances in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keeps blood supplied with oxygen; removes carbon dioxide from blood; gas exchange in air sacs in walls of lungs; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down food into absorbable units; indigestible eliminated (feces) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eliminates nitrogenous wastes; regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce offspring; testes produces sperm and androgens |
|
|
Term
| female reproductive system |
|
Definition
| produce offspring; ovaries produce eggs and estrogen; mammary glands produce milk |
|
|
Term
| percentage of CHON in body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of elements in human body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der waals |
|
|
Term
| different ways of drawing covalent bonds |
|
Definition
| ball & stick, bohr (overlapping orbits), structural formula, space-filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polar (hydrophilic), non-polar (hydrophobic), hybrid (surfactant; phospholipid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cohesive & has surface tension
-solvent of life
-temperature moderation
-existence in multiple states (on earth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cohesion to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding
-adhesion to wettable surface (hydrogen bonding)
+ surface tension = osmosis/capillary action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface of water uses minimized surface area and allows for things not to fall in easily (like leaf or bug on top of water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of water; absorbs and releases heat (like sweating); controls changes in body as a result; has a high "specific heat" (absorbs a lot of heat without changing temperature that much, or phase) |
|
|
Term
| other properties of water |
|
Definition
| -produces acids and bases through protonation/deprotonation (h3o+, oh-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of acidity through negative log of concentration of h+ anions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contour lines of ph value of rain |
|
|
Term
| types of biological molecules |
|
Definition
| protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-protein (made of 20 types of amino acids)
-carbohydrates (made of glucose, fructose, galactose)
-nucleic acids (nucleotides, four types) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic unit of a macromolecule (polymer) |
|
|
Term
| functions of macromolecules |
|
Definition
-energy storage
-structural support
-transport
-protection/defense
-regulation of metabolic activities
-means of movement/growth/development
-heredity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macromolecules attach and release h20 from h and oh ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposite of condensation...monomers broken apart with addition of h and oh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-very diverse (most of macromolules)
-ranges in size from few amino acids to thousands
-ability to fold itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carboxylic group, attached to alpha carbon which attaches to a hydrogen and a side chain and a amine group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-polar/hydrophilic or non-polor/hydrophobic
-unique to each of the 20 different -amino acids in proteins
-either positively charged, negatively charged or neutral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methionine, tryptophan, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, isoleunine, lysine |
|
|
Term
| amino acid polymerization |
|
Definition
| nh3+ on amine group forms "peptide bond" with the coo- on the carboxyl group and releases water |
|
|
Term
| levels of protein polymerization |
|
Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
|
|
Term
| primary structure of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary protein structure |
|
Definition
| -hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amine groups |
|
|
Term
| tertiary structure of protein |
|
Definition
| bonding between r groups (hydrogen, hydrophobic, ionic), folding of beta-sheets and alpha-helices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fibrous/globular
-held by hydrogen-bonding, salt-bridges, disulfide bonds, creating beta-sheets, etc |
|
|
Term
| four groups of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
-monosaccarides
-dissaccarides
-oligosachharides (3-20)
-polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| carbohydrate polymerization |
|
Definition
| -h20 formed through alpha linkage (between ch2oh) |
|
|
Term
| carbohydrate polymer types |
|
Definition
-starch (amylose, amylopectin)
-glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cellulose
-chitin (glucose with added nitrogen group) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-base
-sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
-phosphate group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
purines: A (adenine), G (guanine); two carbon rings joined
pyramidines: C (cytosine), T (thymine--only dna), U (uracil--only rna); one carbon ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-carry hereditary information
-create proteins
-ATP
-GTP (protein synthesis)
-cAMP (for nervous system, hormone action) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-not big enough to be a macromolecule
-insolulable in water
-attracted by van der waals interactions
-fatty acids can have double bonds making them unsaturated (less hydrogen bonding making it oily) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-energy storage
-cell membranes
-capture light energy (carotinoids)
-hormones and vitamins
-heat insulation
-electrical insulation (nerves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid with glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycerol & fatty-acids + choline and phosphate attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (hooke's law) discovered cells in cork |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-father of microbiology
-improved microscope
-discovered single-celled organisms
-animacules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-discovered cells in plants
-first to suggest cell theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 components of cell theory |
|
Definition
-cells fundamental units of life
-all organisms composed of them
-cells comes from other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-division of labor
-cells must stick together
-cells must communicate with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most between 10-100um, 1-10um for unicellular and mitochondrea
nerve cells 1m long sometimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nucleoid instead of nucleus
-plasma membrane, wall and capsule (made of polysaccharides)
-fimbriae
-flagella
-no membrane-bound organelles
-cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-larger than prokaryotic
-membrane bound nucleus
-membrane bound organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-obtain energy
-express genetic material (protein synthesis)
-process biochemical reactions
-eliminate waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nucleus
-mirotubules
-plasma membrane
-ribosomes
-golgi complex
-smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum
-cytosol
-mitocohndrea
-lysosome
-microfilaments
-vescicles (endo/exo) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lipid bylar (hydrophilic outside, hydrophobic inside)
-has proteins in it
-glycoprotein branches
-cholesterol inside |
|
|
Term
| plasma membrane functions |
|
Definition
-selectively permeable barrier
-interface for intercellular communication
-maintains constant internal environment
-molecules for binding/adhering to adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| endomembrane system function |
|
Definition
-protein synthesis
-regulation
-transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
network of tubules called cisternae
-rough part has ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycoprotein synthesis and phospholipid synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, storage of ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-flattened membranous sacs and vescicles
-modifies proteins from ER
-sorts/packages proteins for transport
-packaged in vescicles from cisterae budded off
-polysaccharides for plant walls synthesized here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lumen cisternae has coating that helps to form vescicle that buds off. this coating then bonds onto docking sites at delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made in RER,shipped to Golgi, containing enzymes functioning in acidic environment, break down food (and other things foreign), help form other lysosomes, and digests used up cellular components, fuses with phagosomes to break down endocytosed contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipids accumulate inside lysosomes of nerve cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer membrane with inner membrane forming cristae, with matrix inside of that and proteins used for electron transport chain
-also cotains mitochondreal dna and ribosomes
-site for cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-like mitochondrea: double-membrane, mitochondreal dna, ribosomes
-photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(microbodies)
small organelles that break down peroxide toxins: create h202 and covert that to water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convert fatty acids to sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nuclear envelope outside (double-layered)
-has lamina and matrix
-nucleoplasm: nucleolus, chromatin
-pores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribosomes synthesized here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cell shape, activity and motility (with motor proteins)
-types: microtubules (suspended insdide), microfilaments (along plasma membrane), intermediary filaments (makes web inside)
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-uses atp at receptor (attached to microtubule)
-proteins attached to vescicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-act as tracks in cell (for movement)
-functions in cell division
-made of tubulin dimers
-also for motion as in cilia and flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pH
-o2 & co2
-energy-rich molecules
-water, salt, electrolytes
-temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-protiens
-carbohydrates with lipids = glycolipid
-carbohydrate covalently bound to protein = glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-integral or peripheral
-transport, signaling, junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cell to cell
-desmosomes (tie cells together), tight junctions (keep paracellular pathways from forming), gap junctions (let small ions through) |
|
|
Term
| hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic |
|
Definition
| hypertonic (high solute concentration and low water concentration)--outside...so water in cell will want to diffuse out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pair of molecules linked by two hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creatine phosphate & arginine phosphate...used to produce ATP very quickly (burst speed) (anaerobic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtains energy from organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical, mechanical, motion/transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycolisis, pyruvate oxidation, citric-acid cycle, electron-transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first stage of respiration, happens in cytosol, 10 reactions producing 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate and 2 NADH
-starts with hexokinase creating g6p |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyruvate moves through transport protein into mitochondreal matrix and NADH, h+, co2 and acetyle CoA is produced with coenzyme A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces 2ATP, 8NADH, 2 FADH2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from change in amino acid glutamic acid to valine...deforms the blood cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypercholestorol because protein malfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deformation of phenyl...hydroxylase... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
