Term
| What is the nervous system made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do neurons communicate with each other and with other cells in the body? |
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Definition
| through electrical and chemical signals (movement of ions) |
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Term
| What is the function of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| 1. to receive info 2. to interpret info 3. to act on it |
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Term
| How much of the brain do neurons constitute? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the central command of the cell where the nucleus is located |
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Term
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Definition
| extensions of the cell body that receive electrical signals |
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Term
| Is a neuron the same shape as a regular cell? |
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Definition
| no, a regular cell is spherical. Neuron has a different shape than typical cell because its function is different. |
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Term
| What is the director of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many dendrites can exist? |
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Definition
| up to 50,000 dendrites depending on the location of neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| conduct impulse away from the cell body |
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Term
| What do axon terminals contain? |
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Definition
| vesicles with neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical signal to travel from one place to another |
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Term
| Which way do axons carry electrical signals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the end branches called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce myelin that insulate the axon |
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Term
| What are nodes of ranvier? |
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Definition
| gaps in myelin sheath along the axon |
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Term
| Are schwann cells neurons? |
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Definition
| No, they help neurons functions |
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Term
| Where are schwann cells found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of schwann cells? |
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Definition
| to speed up electrical signals |
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Term
| What do afferent neurons do? |
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Definition
| They send information to the central nervous system (CNS). (input, going into brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| connect neurons within the CNS (processing, interpretation of info) |
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Term
| What do efferent neurons do? |
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Definition
| send information from the CNS (coming out of brain, output of brain) |
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Term
| Do all neurons have the same function? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe multipolar neurons |
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Definition
| 1. have many dendrites but 1 axon 2. found in the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. have 2 processes 2. one is an axon, the other is a dendrite 3. found in eyes, nose (get rest) |
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Term
| Describe unipolar neurons |
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Definition
| 1. have a single process 2. this process branches into two 3. one branch is associated with dendrites, the other enters the ganglia which is clusters of cell body 4. the cell bodies aggregate forming ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| connection between neurons |
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Term
| What do two neurons form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the neuron sending the signal called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the neuron receiving the signal called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can a neuron receive or send many signals? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are neurons like a web? |
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Definition
| they are connected all over the place |
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Term
| Can a neuron form many synapses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an action potential? |
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Definition
| shows a change in voltage over a period of time, huge change in voltage |
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Term
| What is a graded potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a neurotransmitter release lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
| In reality should there be a change difference between the inside and outside of the neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a neuron what is the ECF? |
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Definition
| extracellular fluid: Na and Cl |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular fluid: K and anions |
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Term
| What is the charge difference in the inside of the neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is there a huge charge difference between the inside and outside of a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| The larger the charge difference... |
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Definition
| the higher the potential will be |
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Term
| Are ion channels specific? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Na/K pump prevent? |
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Definition
| equilibrium. moves by active transport and is constantly maintaing gradient of ions. requires ATP. Na is high on outside, K is high on inside |
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Term
| Why is the squid called the giant axon? |
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Definition
| We study neurons through squid because the axon is big enough to see with the human eye |
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Term
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Definition
| when membrane potential is less negative than resting potential |
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Term
| What is hyperpolarization? |
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Definition
| when membrane potential is more negative than resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
| when a membrane potential has been depolarized (or hyperpolarized), returns to its resting value |
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Term
| What is threshold potential? |
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Definition
| amount of electrical activity needed to have action potential |
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Term
| What causes an increase in voltage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes a decrease in voltage? |
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Definition
| potassium getting out of cell |
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Term
| What will happen in an action potential? |
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Definition
| the membrane will depolarize, repolarize, and then hyperpolarize |
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Term
| Which two voltage gated channels play a major role in action potential? |
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Definition
| 1. voltage gated sodium channel 2. voltage gated potassium channel 3. open and close based on voltage change |
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Term
| Describe a voltage gated sodium channel, its function, and its three states. |
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Definition
| 1. a protein channel that is specific to sodium 2. triggered to open at threshold potential 3. 3 states: closed at resting potential, open (-50mV)-(+30mV), inactivated (+30mV)-(-70mV) |
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Term
| Can leak channels always be activated? |
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Definition
| yes but only allow a small amount |
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Term
| Describe a voltage gated potassium channel, its function, and its two states. |
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Definition
| 1. a protein channel that is specific to potassium 2. triggered to open at threshold potential 3. has two states: closed at resting potential (-70mV)-(+30mV), open (+30mV)-(-80mV) |
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Term
| Are voltage gated channels stronger or leak gated channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is TTX and what does it do? |
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Definition
| 1. Tetradotoxin 2. inhibitor, blocks voltage gated channel from being active 3. blocks neurons so electrical activity cannot occur and brain shuts down 4. found in pufferfish |
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Term
| What happens once the action potential occurs? |
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Definition
| depolarization spreads to other parts of the axons |
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Term
| What does the depolarization trigger? |
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Definition
| VGSC to open and more action potentials to occur |
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Term
| What does myelin do to the action potential? |
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Definition
| it speeds up he spreading of the action potential |
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Term
| Where do schwann cells make myelin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do oligodendroctes make myelin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| speeds up electrical activities |
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Term
| Where are all the voltage gated channels found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is saltatory conductance? |
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Definition
| traveling of the electrical signal |
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Term
| Where do changes inside the neuron happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is myelin like an insulator? |
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Definition
| it insulates activity inside neuron and does not let it leak to outside |
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Term
| Describe the events that happen at the synapse |
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Definition
| 1. action potential arrives at the axon terminals 2. the depolarization of the action potential stimulates the voltage gated calcium channels to open 3. calcium influx causes the mobilization of the vesicles containing neurotransmitters 4. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic cell 5. depolarization occurs causing series of events that leads to action potential |
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Term
| Can neurons pass activity to other neurons? |
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Definition
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